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. 2018 May 31;11:75. doi: 10.1186/s13045-018-0609-1

Table 1.

Drugs used to treat hematological and solid malignancies which are effective or highly effective in the inhibition of rRNA transcription or processing (modified from Burger et al., 2010) [5]

inibition of rRNA synthesis
transcription processing
Alkylating agents:
 Melphalan* + -
 Cisplatin* + -
 Oxaliplatin* + -
 Cyclophosphamide 1 * + -
Intercalating agents:
 Doxorubicin * + -
 Mitoxantrone * + -
 Actinomycin D * + -
 Mitomycin C + -
Antimetabolites:
 Methotrexate * + -
 5-Fluorouracil - +
 Topoisomerase inhibitors:
 Camptothecin - +
 Etoposide* - +
Kinase inhibitors:
 Flavopiridol* - +
 Roscovitine - +
 Rapamycin + -
Proteasome inhibitors:
 Bortezomib* - +
Translation inhibitors:
 Homoharringtonine* - +
Mitosis inhibitors:
 Vinblastine* - +
rRNA polymerase I inhibitors:
 CX-5461 2 * + -

* drugs currently used or in clinical development for the treatment of lymphomas and leukemia

1 Cyclophosphamide is metabolized to acrolein, which is responsible for the inhibition of rRNA transcription [60, 61]

2 CX-5461 is in phase I clinical trial in patients with haematological malignancies and in phase I/II trial in patients with breast cancer