Table 4.

Estimates of the effect of educational attainment (EA) on height

Variable	OLS	MR	GIV-C	GIV-U
EA	0.072***	0.179**	0.050***	0.040***
	(0.0138)	(0.0543)	(0.0119)	(0.0120)
PGS height cond. UKB			0.448***
			(0.0174)
PGS height unc. UKB				0.446***
				(0.0175)
$N$	2,751	2,751	2,751	2,751

*$P<0.05$, **$P<0.01$, ***$P<0.001$. Standardized effect sizes and SEs are in parentheses. Birth year, birth year squared, gender, EA mother, EA father, and the first 20 principal components are included as control variables. For MR, a PGS for EA from UK Biobank (UKB) data was used as an instrument for EA. For GIV-C and GIV-U PGS height GIANT was used as an instrument.