Fig. 2.

MDA-9 is crucial for maintaining protective autophagy in GSCs growing in anoikis conditions and loss of MDA-9 causes autophagy to become toxic. (A) MDA-9 expression in shcon NSGCs, shcon GSCs, and shmda-9 GSCs. Error bars indicate ±SD, *P < 0.05. (B) Electron microscopy images of shcon and shmda-9 GSCs. (Magnification: 2000×.) (C) VG2-luc shcon and shmda-9 GSCs injected intracranially into nude mice. Brain tumors isolated and sectioned. Expression of MDA-9, LC3B, EGFR, pEGFR, PKCα, pPKCα, BCL2, and pBCL2 in in vivo tumors. (Magnification: 400×.)