Figure 3.

Enhanced CTC capture sensitivity and specificity via multivalent binding and biomimetic cell rolling using CapioCyte-D. (A-B) Enhanced CTC capture sensitivity via multivalent binding and multi-antibody approach. (A) Schematic representation of the effect using antibody mixture (blue), G7 dendrimers (green), and combination of the two (red). (B) Fold enhancements of antibody mixture, G7 dendrimers, and combination of the two, relative to the CTC counts captured on the control surface coated with aEpCAM only (orange dotted line). (C-F) Enhanced CTC capture specificity via E-selectin-mediated cell rolling to CapioCyte-D, with addition of E-selectin-mediated cell rolling to CapioCyte-S. (C) Comparison of the CTC counts measured using CapioCyte-D and CapioCyte-S. (D) Significantly enhanced CTC capture purities (%) among all captured cells using CapioCyte-D (0.66 - 37.54%), compared to those using CapioCyte-S (0.05 -6.78%). This result indicates that the capture specificity of CapioCyte-D was dramatically enhanced via E-selectin-mediated cell rolling. (E, F) Representative fluorescence images for CTC count analysis. CTCs (shown in purple) were captured with significantly less leukocytes (green) using CapioCyte-D, compared to CapioCyte-S. An image (×63 magnification) of the captured CTCs on CapioCyte-S at ×63 magnification is inserted on the representative image of CapioCyte-S at ×20 magnification. All red average lines indicate the mean ± standard error (SE).