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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Stem Cell. 2018 May 17;22(6):929–940.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.022

Figure 4. Optimization of vascularization in organoids.

Figure 4

(A) Schematic of differentiation protocol used for vascular optimization.

(B) One well of a 96-well organoid plate treated with 100 ng/ml VEGF, showing podocytes (SYNPO), proximal tubules (LTL), and EC (CD31) by wide-field immunofluorescence.

(C) Wide-field images of VE-cadherin immunofluorescence in organoid cultures ± VEGF (left) or EC-directed cultures (right).

(D) Percentage of the total culture area occupied by cells expressing VE-cadherin, averaged from four representative experiments, or (E) expressing CD31, averaged from two additional representative experiments (± stderr).

(F) Confocal optical sections showing EC (CD31+) in optimized organoids, compared to human kidney sections.

Scale bars, 200 µm.