Table 2.
Patient baseline demographics and disease characteristics according to latent class
| Patient baseline demographics and disease characteristics | Latent Class 1 (N = 10,812) | Latent Class 2 (N = 6728) | Latent Class 3 (N = 2255) | Latent Class 4 (N = 3440) | p valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [2] vs. [1] | [3] vs. [1] | [4] vs. [1] | |||||
| Age at index date (years) | 54.5 ± 9.2 | 54.4 ± 8.6 | 49.1 ± 13.3 | 58.2 ± 8.7 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 5795 (54%) | 3789 (56%) | 1199 (53%) | 1965 (57%) | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| U.S. region | |||||||
| Northeast | 2016 (19%) | 1196 (18%) | 394 (17%) | 837 (24%) | < 0.001 | ||
| North-Central | 2826 (26%) | 1629 (24%) | 722 (32%) | 828 (24%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| South | 4533 (42%) | 2976 (44%) | 855 (38%) | 1367 (40%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| West | 1434 (13%) | 927 (14%) | 283 (13%) | 408 (12%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Insurance plan type | |||||||
| Preferred provider organization | 8094 (75%) | 5145 (76%) | 1678 (74%) | 2483 (72%) | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Non-capitated point-of-service | 781 (7%) | 538 (8%) | 166 (7%) | 225 (7%) | |||
| Exclusive provider organization | 501 (5%) | 343 (5%) | 82 (4%) | 228 (7%) | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | |
| Comprehensive | 1025 (9%) | 502 (7%) | 198 (9%) | 442 (13%) | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Consumer-driven health plan | 314 (3%) | 141 (2%) | 99 (4%) | 43 (1%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| High-deductible health plan | 97 (1%) | 59 (1%) | 32 (1%) | 19 (1%) | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | |
| Time from first observed T2DM diagnosis in the database to the index date (months) | 32.9 ± 25.1 | 42.0 ± 26.8 | 42.6 ± 26.9 | 46.6 ± 29.6 | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic nephropathy disease status at the index date | |||||||
| Normal | 9083 (84%) | 5249 (78%) | 1728 (77%) | 2349 (68%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Moderately increased albuminuria | 1483 (14%) | 1208 (18%) | 400 (18%) | 772 (22%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Severely increased albuminuria | 246 (2%) | 271 (4%) | 127 (6%) | 319 (9%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Nephropathy-related treatments | 6892 (64%) | 5369 (80%) | 1352 (60%) | 2975 (86%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 3045 (28%) | 2823 (42%) | 782 (35%) | 1524 (44%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Diuretic | 1646 (15%) | 1291 (19%) | 327 (15%) | 1201 (35%) | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1339 (12%) | 1017 (15%) | 225 (10%) | 856 (25%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| ARB | 1208 (11%) | 981 (15%) | 262 (12%) | 704 (20%) | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Other antihypertensive agentb | 2716 (25%) | 1978 (29%) | 360 (16%) | 1108 (32%) | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
Data in table are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as an absolute number with the percentage in parenthesis
The four latent classes are described in Table 1 and in section "Latent Class Analysis"
T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus,ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers
aLatent Classes 2–4 were compared to Latent Class 1, respectively
bOther antihypertensive agents included direct renin inhibitors, antiadrenergic antihypertensives, selective aldosterone receptor antagonists, agents for pheochromocytoma, vasodilators, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and antihypertensive combinations