Table 2.
Glucose control, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function at baseline and after treatment
| Exenatide | Insulin glargine | Change in value | Estimated difference in value between groups Mean (95% CI) |
P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before treatment Mean ± SE |
After treatment Mean ± SE |
P | Before treatment Mean ± SE |
After treatment Mean ± SE |
P | Exenatide Mean (95% CI) |
Insulin glargine Mean (95% CI) |
|||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.65 ± 0.53 | 6.88 ± 0.40 | 0.002 | 8.83 ± 0.48 | 7.23 ± 0.39 | 0.007 | − 1.77 (− 2.83 to − 0.72) | − 1.60 (− 2.70 to − 0.50) | − 0.17 (− 1.64 to 1.30) | 0.580 |
| 30 min glucose (mmol/L) | 11.03 ± 0.74 | 9.06 ± 0.87 | 0.061 | 11.90 ± 0.68 | 10.08 ± 0.59 | 0.009 | − 1.97 (− 4.05 to 0.10) | − 1.82 (− 3.13 to − 0.52) | − 0.15 (− 2.48 to 2.19) | 0.497 |
| 60 min glucose (mmol/L) | 14.27 ± 0.99 | 11.82 ± 1.03 | 0.080 | 14.70 ± 0.67 | 12.18 ± 0.66 | 0.091 | − 2.45 (− 5.23 to 0.33) | − 2.52 (− 3.92 to − 1.12) | 0.08 (− 2.82 to 2.97) | 0.844 |
| 120 min glucose (mmol/L) | 13.31 ± 0.88 | 11.71 ± 0.75 | 0.106 | 13.99 ± 0.90 | 12.77 ± 0.86 | 0.204 | − 1.59 (− 3.56 to 0.38) | − 1.22 (− 3.17 to 0.74) | − 0.37 (− 3.04 to 2.29) | 0.457 |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 10.92 ± 1.85 | 10.03 ± 1.75 | 0.701 | 10.48 ± 1.02 | 9.62 ± 1.88 | 0.671 | − 0.89 (− 5.71 to 3.93) | − 0.86 (− 5.07 to 3.35) | − 0.03 (− 6.22 to 6.15) | 0.903 |
| 30 min insulin (uIU/mL) | 19.69 ± 3.03 | 17.57 ± 3.96 | 0.523 | 18.47 ± 2.12 | 22.48 ± 4.83 | 0.388 | − 2.12 (− 8.99 to 4.74) | 4.01 (− 5.57 to 13.59) | − 6.13 (− 17.37 to 5.10) | 0.298 |
| 60 min insulin (uIU/mL) | 30.26 ± 5.48 | 33.86 ± 8.82 | 0.646 | 29.92 ± 3.53 | 33.99 ± 6.26 | 0.525 | 3.60 (− 12.64 to 19.84) | 4.06 (− 9.19 to 17.32) | − 0.46 (− 20.78 to 19.85) | 0.970 |
| 120 min insulin (uIU/mL) | 35.65 ± 5.61 | 39.33 ± 8.87 | 0.549 | 38.38 ± 6.05 | 44.93 ± 8.61 | 0.436 | 3.67 (− 9.00 to 16.35) | 6.54 (− 10.81 to 23.90) | − 2.87 (− 23.36 to 17.62) | 0.756 |
| 1/HOMA-IR (μIU/mL, mmol/L) | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 0.035 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.017 | 0.19 (0.02 to 0.37) | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.33) | 0.00 (− 0.22 to 0.22) | 0.718 |
| ISIM (μIU/mL, mmol/L) | 4.43 ± 0.71 | 7.13 ± 1.06 | 0.035 | 3.81 ± 0.54 | 5.29 ± 0.70 | 0.059 | 2.70 (0.22 to 5.19) | 1.48 (− 0.07 to 3.03) | 1.22 (− 1.62 to 4.06) | 0.218 |
| HOMA-B (IU/mol) | 55.55 ± 11.55 | 120.79 ± 48.44 | 0.153 | 54.17 ± 10.90 | 84.09 ± 30.50 | 0.361 | 65.24 (− 26.68 to 157.17) | 29.91 (− 37.74 to 97.57) | 35.33 (− 76.88 to 147.54) | 0.536 |
| InsAUC30/GluAUC30 (IU/mol) | 12.09 ± 1.90 | 15.29 ± 3.32 | 0.181 | 11.20 ± 1.64 | 14.77 ± 3.20 | 0.237 | 3.20 (− 1.65 to 8.05) | 3.58 (− 2.613 to 9.76) | − 0.37 (− 7.86 to 7.11) | 0.898 |
| InsAUC120/GluAUC120 (IU/mol) | 17.39 ± 3.17 | 22.03 ± 5.78 | 0.158 | 16.43 ± 2.73 | 21.94 ± 4.63 | 0.227 | 4.64 (− 2.02 to 11.29) | 5.51 (− 3.88 to 14.90) | − 0.87 (− 11.64 to 9.89) | 0.836 |
| DI 30 (mmol/L, mmol/L) | 41.94 ± 5.30 | 68.50 ± 11.06 | 0.008 | 36.40 ± 4.40 | 60.39 ± 6.24 | 0.001 | 26.57 (8.20 to 44.93) | 23.99 (12.71 to 35.27) | 2.57 (− 18.36 to 23.51) | 0.872 |
| DI 120 (mmol/L, mmol/L) | 61.31 ± 9.64 | 97.12 ± 17.30 | 0.020 | 52.71 ± 6.87 | 88.33 ± 10.21 | 0.006 | 35.81 (6.65 to 64.97) | 35.62 (12.24 to 59.00) | 0.19 (− 35.79 to 36.17) | 0.949 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.01 ± 0.21 | 6.83 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 | 8.35 ± 0.24 | 7.14 ± 0.16 | < 0.001 | − 1.21 (− 1.57 to − 0.85) | − 1.05 (− 1.41 to − 0.69) | − 0.16 (− 0.67 to 0.35) | 0.537 |
InsAUC30/GluAUC30 was calculated as the total insulin area under the curve divided by the total glucose area under the curve during the first 30 min of the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); InsAUC120/GluAUC120 was calculated as the total insulin area under the curve divided by the total glucose area under the curve during the 120 min of the OGTT
P values of < 0.05 were considered to indicate significant differences between the groups
FBG fasting blood glucose, 1/HOMA-IR 1/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, ISIM Matsuda insulin sensitivity index, HOMA-β basal homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion, DI30 disposition index 30, DI120 disposition index 120, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c