Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients
| Variable | Placebo group (n = 32) | Vitamin D group (n = 30) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | *64.06 ± 8.77 | *62.73 ± 8.26 | 0.54 |
| Gender | Male: 27 (84.38%) Female: 5 (15.62%) |
Male: 25 (83.33%) Female: 5 (16.67%) |
0.91 |
| Education | No: 6 (18.75%) Elementary: 16 (50%) High school: 9 (28.13%) Academic: 1 (3.12%) |
No: 5 (16.67%) Elementary: 17 (56.67%) High school: 6 (20%) Academic: 2 (6, 67%) |
0.80 |
| Marital status | Unmarried: 2 (6.25%) Married: 24 (75%) Divorced, widowed: 6 (18.75%) |
Unmarried: 0 (0%) Married: 25 (83.33%) Divorced, widowed: 5 (16.67%) |
0.36 |
| Income | Low: 6 (18.75%) Middle: 17 (53.13%) Upper middle: 4 (12.5%) High: 3 (9.38%) |
Low: 6 (20%) Middle: 13 (43.33%) Upper middle: 6 (30%) High: 2 (6.67%) |
0.81 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | *22.90 ± 1.97 | *22.99 ± 1.69 | 0.85 |
| Smocking (pack/year) | **50 (40, 58) | **50 (40, 50) | 0.42 |
| Water pipe use | 11 (34.38%) | 12 (40%) | 0.65 |
| Smoking status | Ex-smokers: 25 (78.13%) Current smokers: 7 (21.88%) |
Ex-smokers: 23 (76.66%) Current smokers: 7 (23.33%) |
0.89 |
| COPD Stage | II: 16 (50%)III: 11 (34.38%)IV: 5 (15.63%) | II: 13 (40.63%)III: 12 (40%)IV: 5 (16.67%) | 0.87 |
| AECOPD Severity | Moderate: 10 (31.25%) Severe: 22 (68.75%) |
Moderate: 10 (33.33%) Severe: 20 (66.67%) |
0.86 |
| Exacerbation History | < 3 times/year: 17 (53.13%) ≥ 3 times/year: 15 (46.87%) |
< 3 times/year: 14 (46.67%) ≥ 3 times/year: 16 (53.33%) |
0.61 |
| Presence of co-morbidities | Hypertension: 14 (43.75%) | Hypertension: 8 (26.67%) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes: 2 (6.25%) | Diabetes: 3 (10%) | 0.59 | |
| Depression/Anxiety: 9 (18.75%) | Depression/Anxiety: 6 (20%) | 0.46 | |
| IHD: 4 (12.50%) | IHD: 5 (16.67%) | 0.64 | |
| Stroke: 2 (6.25%) | Stroke: 1 (3.33%) | 0.59 | |
| HF: 4 (12.5%) | HF: 3 (10.00%) | 0.93 | |
| Drug | LABA: 7 (21.88%) | LABA: 4 (13.33%) | 0.38 |
| ICS: 9 (28.13%) | ICS: 8 (26.67%) | 0.46 | |
| LABA+ICS: 22 (68.75%) | LABA+ICS: 24 (80%) | 0.31 | |
| LAMA: 16 (50%) | LAMA: 17 (56.67%) | 0.60 | |
| Theophylline: 5 (15.63%) | Theophylline: 4 (13.33%) | 0.80 | |
| Acetylcysteine: 8 (25%) | Acetylcysteine: 9 (30%) | 0.66 | |
| Statin: 8 (25%) | Statin: 5 (16.67%) | 0.42 | |
| Morisky adherence score | **5 (4,6) | **5 (4,6) | 0.86 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | *11.01 ± 2.99 | *10.82 ± 3.73 | 0.82 |
| WBC cont × 10³ (cell/μL) | 8.33 ± 2.23 | 8.66 ± 2.69 | 0.62 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | **9.1 (8.65, 9.40) | **9.2 (8.75, 9.45) | 0.89 |
| Phosphor (mg/dL) | **3.2 (2.95, 3.45) | **2.7 (3.1, 3.75) | 0.39 |
| SGRQ (Symptom) | *81.68 ± 8.78 | *85.06 ± 8.37 | 0.13 |
| SGRQ (Activity) | **78.96 (63.97, 85.81) | **85.66 (71.20, 87.16) | 0.13 |
| SGRQ (Impact) | *54.15 ± 15.33 | *55.98 ± 14.12 | 0.63 |
| SGRQ (Total) | *64.97 ± 12.28 | *67.99 ± 10.67 | 0.31 |
| Dyspnea scale (mMRC) | Grade 3: 10 (31.25%)Grade 4: 22 (68.75%) | Grade 3: 6 (20%)Grade 4: 24 (80%) | 0.31 |
*
Data has been presented as mean ± SD.
**
Data has been presented as median (interquartile range 25th, 75th percentiles), BMI: Body Mass Index, IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease, HF: Heart Failure LABA: Long Acting Beta 2 Agonist, LAMA: Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist, ICS: Inhaled Cortico-Steroid, SGRQ: ST George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, mMRC: modified Medical Research Council.