Galanin stimulates duodenal NO release, decreases duodenal contractions to decrease glucose absorption. (A)Ex vivo measurement of duodenal nitric oxide (NO) release amplitude during 5 min in response to Krebs–Ringer (Control), galanin 100 nM and galanin 100 nM plus galantide 100 nM n = 6–12 per group. a, p < 0.01 vs Control; b, p < 0.05 vs galanin + galantide. (B)Ex vivo measurement of duodenal mechanical contraction amplitude during 10 min in response to Krebs–Ringer solution (Control), galanin 100 nM and galanin 100 nM plus galantide 100 nM n = 5 per group. **p < 0.01 vs other groups. (C)In vivo telemetric measurement of duodenal electrical activity during 10 min in response to water (Control), galanin 100 nM and galanin 100 nM plus galantide 100 nM, n = 5 per group. ***p < 0,001 vs other groups. (D)Ex vivo glucose absorption in duodenal everted sacs in response to Krebs–Ringer (Control) or galanin 100 nM n = 8 per group. *p < 0.05 vs Control.