Table 4.
Hierarchical regression analyses (step 2) of initial changes in sense of humor and its components on changes in happiness and depressive symptoms in the humor-based PPIs controlled for age and sex for Study 2.
| Changes in all follow-ups |
Changes after 1 month |
Changes after 3 months |
Changes after 6 months |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial changes | ΔF | ΔR2 | ΔF | ΔR2 | ΔF | ΔR2 | ΔF | ΔR2 | |
| SHS tot | AHI | 113.81*** | 0.18 | 194.05*** | 0.27 | 60.11*** | 0.10 | 36.74*** | 0.07 |
| CES-D | 35.08** | 0.06 | 104.79*** | 0.17 | 9.67** | 0.02 | 1.76 | 0.00 | |
| Playful | AHI | 41.73*** | 0.07 | 53.27*** | 0.09 | 27.54*** | 0.05 | 16.59*** | 0.03 |
| CES-D | 7.13** | 0.01 | 22.02*** | 0.04 | 2.64 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | |
| Mood | AHI | 116.31*** | 0.18 | 243.69*** | 0.32 | 55.46*** | 0.10 | 31.31*** | 0.07 |
| CES-D | 66.52*** | 0.11 | 211.03*** | 0.30 | 21.05*** | 0.04 | 2.77† | 0.01 | |
| SoH | AHI | 57.56*** | 0.10 | 86.57*** | 0.14 | 32.15*** | 0.06 | 21.52*** | 0.04 |
| CES-D | 13.07*** | 0.02 | 36.74*** | 0.07 | 2.64 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.00 | |
| Enjoy | AHI | 18.54*** | 0.03 | 23.97*** | 0.04 | 10.75** | 0.02 | 8.58** | 0.02 |
| CES-D | 1.40 | 0.00 | 6.49* | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | |
| Laughter | AHI | 24.33*** | 0.04 | 39.58*** | 0.07 | 13.15*** | 0.02 | 8.44** | 0.02 |
| CES-D | 6.01* | 0.01 | 19.53*** | 0.04 | 1.49 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | |
| Verbal | AHI | 27.40*** | 0.05 | 27.97*** | 0.05 | 23.98*** | 0.04 | 10.57** | 0.02 |
| CES-D | 3.45† | 0.01 | 8.74** | 0.02 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | |
| Eday | AHI | 25.40*** | 0.05 | 40.46*** | 0.07 | 14.55*** | 0.03 | 8.53** | 0.02 |
| CES-D | 9.23** | 0.02 | 23.26*** | 0.04 | 2.86† | 0.01 | 0.63 | 0.00 | |
| YSelf | AHI | 21.44*** | 0.04 | 36.69*** | 0.07 | 7.59** | 0.01 | 10.39** | 0.02 |
| CES-D | 8.87** | 0.02 | 13.33*** | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 5.97* | 0.01 | |
| Stress | AHI | 19.11*** | 0.04 | 30.56*** | 0.06 | 10.84** | 0.02 | 6.46* | 0.01 |
| CES-D | 5.68* | 0.01 | 20.83*** | 0.04 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | |
N = 527. PPIs, positive psychology interventions ; Initial changes, changes in sense of humor and its components from pretest to the 1-month follow-up; AHI, Authentic Happiness Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SHS tot, total score in the Sense of Humor Scale; Playful, playful vs. serious attitude; Mood, positive vs. negative mood; SoH, sense of humor; Enjoy, enjoyment of humor; Verbal, verbal humor; Eday, humor in everyday life; YSelf, laughing at yourself; Stress, humor under stress; Changes in happiness = changes in happiness from pretest to the averaged follow-ups; Changes in depression = changes in depressive symptoms from pretest to the averaged follow-ups. †p < 0.10, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (two-tailed).