Table 3. General and occupational characteristics of participants with absence due to illness according to gender.

		Male				Female
		N**	Cases of the absence		p-value†	N**	Cases of the absence		p-value†
			n*	%			n*	%
Total		1,807	109	6.0		542	94	17.3
Age (yr)
	<30	198	26	13.1	<0.001	394	79	20.1	0.048
	30–39	714	53	7.4		109	11	10.1
	40–49	574	25	4.4		31	4	12.9
	≥50	321	5	1.6		8	0	0.0
Marital status
	Never married	329	36	10.9	<0.001	321	67	20.9	0.019
	Married	1,215	57	4.7		171	19	11.1
	Divorced/widowed	20	1	5.0		4	0/4	0.0
	Missing	243				46
Educational status
	≤Middle school	34	1	2.9	0.784	10	0	0.0	0.058
	High school	903	55	6.1		418	80	19.1
	≥College	610	33	5.4		64	6	9.4
	Missing	258				50
Sleeping time (h/d)
	<6	207	23	11.1	0.018	49	12	24.5	0.449
	6–8	1,228	70	5.7		382	62	16.2
	≥9	32	0	0.0		61	12	19.7
	Missing	340				50
Chronic disease
	No	1,578	93	5.9	0.508	531	94	17.7
	Yes	229	11	4.8		11	0	0.0
Employment status
	Regular	1,635	101	6.2	0.168	486	82	16.7	0.275
	Temporary	133	4	3.0		43	10	23.3
	Missing	39				13
Shift work
	No	753	50	6.6	0.198	48	4	8.3	0.088
	Yes	951	49	5.2		482	88	18.3
	Missing	103				12
Job tenure (yr)
	<1	60	8	13.3	<0.001	32	9	28.1	0.020
	1–4	173	18	10.4		169	37	21.9
	5–9	351	28	8.0		223	36	16.1
	≥10	1,160	51	4.4		104	10	9.6
	Missing	63				14
Hours/week worked
	≤40	818	43	5.3	0.134	148	20	13.5	0.483
	41–59	711	54	7.5		364	67	18.4
	≥60	110	7	6.4		14	2	14.3
	Missing	168				16

*The number of subjects experiencing absence due to illness. **The number of participants. ^†Based on the χ² test or Fisher’s Exact test.