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. 2018 May 28;9:797. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00797

Table 1.

METUX model in detail, including measures.

Sphere of experience Psychological needs (mediators) in context Evaluation measures Desirable outcomes
Adoption

  • To what extent is technology adoption autonomously motivated?

  • To what extent does a potential user anticipate they will be competent at using it?

  • ACTAi

  • Adoption (i.e., purchase, download)
The decision-making experience between becoming aware of a new technology and acquiring it.
Interface

  • To what extent does direct interaction with the technology (i.e., via the user interface) support psychological need satisfaction?

  • TENS-Interfacei

  • Engagement (with technology)

  • Usability

  • User satisfaction
The experience of interacting with a technology via its interface during use.
Task

  • To what extent does engagement in technology-specific tasks support psychological need satisfaction? (e.g., step tracking, text chatting)

  • TENS-Taski

  • Engagement (with task)

  • User satisfaction
The experience of engaging in a technology-specific task.
Behavior

  • To what extent does the technology improve psychological need satisfaction with respect to the behavior that the technology is intended to support? (e.g., exercise, managing a chronic disease, communicating with friends, speaking a second language.)

  • Assessments of psychological need satisfaction in relation to behavior (e.g., PNSESii for exercise)

  • Assessments of behavior-specific outcomes (e.g., BMI measure for exercise)

  • Engagement (with behavior)

  • Satisfaction (with behavior)

  • Behavior-specific outcomes (e.g., weight-loss, symptom control)

  • Experience of wellbeing during behavior.
The experience of engaging in a behavior (that a technology is intended to support).
Life

  • To what extent does the technology influence the user's experience of psychological need satisfaction in their life overall?

  • TENS-Lifei

  • BPNSiii

  • Other validated measures of flourishing

  • Increased life satisfaction, wellbeing, thriving/flourishing.
An individual's overall experience of life including all that is outside or beyond the technology.
Society

  • To what extent does the introduction of the technology impact on societal wellbeing?

  • Population measures such as the FSiv

  • Increased measures of societal wellbeing.
The experiences of all members of a society beyond the users of a technology.
i

ACTA, TENS-Interface, TENS-Task and TENS-Life are introduced in section 4.

ii

PNSES, Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scales (Wilson et al., 2006).

iii

BPNS, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction scale (Deci and Ryan, 2000; Gagné, 2003).

iv

FS, Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2009)