Table 3.

Risk factors for urinary house soiling (periuria) in the home and associated data from a review of the literature.

Risk factors	Study reference and population characteristics	Metric: OR (CI)	Significance	Analysis used to extract risk factor
Medical-related
Urinary tract disease in the past	(2) (n = 100 house soiling cats n = 44 non-house soiling controls)	OR = 3.88(1.50–10.05)	p < 0.05	Case-control comparison
Breed
Bengal	(41) (n = 574 cats)		p = 0.001	Cross-sectional survey
Birman	(41)		p = 0.02	Cross-sectional survey
Persian	(3) (n = 336 behaviour problem cats, of which 131 house soiling. 189 controls)		P < 0.01	Case- control comparison
	(11) (n = 1556 cats with behaviour problems, 470 cats with urinary latrine behaviour with or without faeces as well)	OR = 2.04(1.54–2.70)78/244(32%)	p < 0.001*	Cross-sectional survey
Siamese type	(11)	OR = 1.64(1.09–2.45)43/106 (40.6%)	p = 0.016*	Cross-sectional study
Emotional conditions
Separation anxiety (SA)	(42) (n = 716 behaviour problems cats, 136 SA cases)	96/136 (70.6%)“Five times more likely in SA cats”	p < 0.001	Case-control comparison
Litter-box related
Absence of covering both urine and stool in the litter box	(2)	OR = 3.65(1.72–7.75)	p < 0.01	Case-control comparison
Scented litter	(2)	OR = 6.37(2.86–14.20)	p < 0.01	Case-control comparison
Less time spent digging in the litter box	(31)(n = 40 cats, 20 with elimination problems)		p = 0.002	Case-control comparison

OR (CI) = Odds ratio and 95% CI. Results in bold have been calculated by the current authors from the available data, rather than authors of the original study. Blank cells indicate data not available.

^*Calculation here based on population of cats that deposit both urine and faeces outside the litter box as well as cats that only deposited urine outside the box, unlike the original study.