Table 4.

Changes in physical outcomes including walking, stride length, corresponding DTCs, and balance

	MDTT group				Control group				P-valuea
	n	Pretest	Posttest	Change (95% CI)	n	Pretest	Posttest	Change (95% CI)
Walking speed (m/min)
Single	14	57.7 ± 8.8	60.3 ± 16.8	2.6 (−6.1 to 11.3)	11	67.6 ± 12.7	66.5 ± 15.2	−1.1 (−6.4 to 4.2)	0.96
Forward	14	48.2 ± 7.5	50.9 ± 10.0	2.7 (−3.1 to 8.5)	11	57.2 ± 13.8	57.6 ± 13.6	0.4 (−8.2 to 8.9)	0.42
Backward	13	45.8 ± 6.1	49.9 ± 8.6	4.1 (−1.3 to 9.5)	10	55.3 ± 11.7	51.6 ± 12.8	−3.7 (−10.2 to 2.9)	0.06
Stride length (m)
Single	14	1.11 ± 0.14	1.16 ± 0.27	0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18)	11	1.26 ± 0.18	1.29 ± 0.20	0.02 (−0.07 to 0.12)	0.27
Forward	14	1.01 ± 0.15	1.03 ± 0.22	0.02 (−0.08 to 0.12)	11	1.21 ± 0.20	1.18 ± 0.24	−0.03 (−0.18 to 0.12)	0.81
Backward	13	1.00 ± 0.15	1.02 ± 0.17	0.03 (−0.06 to 0.11)	10	1.16 ± 0.18	1.13 ± 0.24	−0.02 (−0.17 to 0.12)	0.78
DTC on walking speed (%)
Forward	14	15.6 ± 14.1	13.6 ± 13.7	−2.0 (−9.0 to 5.0)	11	15.3 ± 16.0	12.4 ± 14.8	−2.9 (−17.6 to 11.9)	0.36
Backward	13	19.2 ± 15.2	17.4 ± 14.3	−1.8 (−13.1 to 9.6)	10	17.6 ± 16.0	21.5 ± 16.0	3.9 (−9.2 to 16.9)	0.13
DTC on stride length (%)
Forward	13	9.8 ± 11.8	10.2 ± 16.4	0.4 (−9.4 to 10.3)	11	4.0 ± 12.9	8.1 ± 14.8	4.1 (−7.8 to 15.9)	0.14
Backward	13	10.4 ± 14.5	12.1 ± 12.8	1.7 (−7.9 to 11.3)	10	9.1 ± 14.3	12.7 ± 14.8	3.6 (−8.2 to 15.5)	0.10
Balance
TUG (s)	12	14.5 ± 5.5	15.5 ± 6.6	1.0 (−0.3 to 2.3)	11	12.5 ± 4.1	13.5 ± 5.8	1.0 (−1.0 to 2.9)	0.20

Notes: Single = Single-task walking only; Forward = Forward digit recall dual-task; Backward = Backward digit recall dual-task.

^aComparison of change between the MDTT and control groups.

Abbreviations: DTC, dual-task cost; MDTT, Musical Dual-Task Training; CI, confidence interval; TUG, Timed Up and Go.