Table 1. Study characteristics.
| Gäddlin et al.[16] 2008 | PT: 59FT: 57 | <30 weeks | Down syndrome | 15 | T1w, T2w(6 different hospitals) | WM injury4-point scale | Oral language (WISC)Written language: reading | 0 |
| Yliherva et al.[17] 2001 | PT: 41FT: 24 | 26–35 weeks | Rett syndrome Duchenne dystrophy | 8 | 1,0 T1w | WM injury4-point scale | Oral language (ITPA, MT, TTC) | 0 |
| Rushe et al.[18] 2001 | PT: 75FT: 21 | <33 weeks | NA | 14–15 | GE 1,5 T1w, T2w | Injury3-point scale | Verbal Fluency (FAS, Object and Animal naming, BNT) Written language (SGRST) | 0 |
| Skranes et al.[19] 1997 | PT: 18FT: 0 | <1500 gram | Disabled children (such as CP) | 6 | Philips 1,5 T1w, T2w | Presence of periventricular gliosis, loss of white matter, ventricular dilatation and cortical atrophy | Oral language (WPSSI) | 0 |
| Isaacs et al.[20] 2004 | PT: 65FT: 0 | 28,5 (1.2) | Neuromotor or neurosensory impairment | 12–16 | Siemens 1,5T2w | Brain volumes | Oral language (WISC) | WM: +par/temp,–fr(VBM correlations: 39, -69, 28; p < .01)GM:–par, +fr(VBM correlations: ±40, −70, 30; p<0.01) |
| Nosarti et al.[21] 2008 | PT: 207FT: 104 | <33 weeks | For controls: any history of neurological conditions including meningitis, head injury and cerebral infections | 14–15 | GE 1,5T1w | Brain volumes | Verbal Fluency (FAS, Object and Animal naming) | WM: +fr/tempGM:–fr/temp (29% of variance: F = 2,3; p<0.0001) |
| Written language (SGRST) | WM: +fr/temp,GM:–fr/temp(28% of variance F = 2,3; p<0.0001) | |||||||
| McCoy et al.[22] 2014 | PT: 26FT: 0 | 27,81 (2.0) | Inclusion: liberal transfusion group | 13 | Siemens 3,0T1w, T2w | Brain volumes | Verbal Fluency (COWAT) | WM females: +temp(r2 Δ = .237; p < .05)Cerebellum: 0 |
| Scott et al.[23] 2011 | PT: 218FT: 127 | <33 weeks | NA | 14–15 | GE 1,5T1w, T2w | Brain volumes | Verbal Fluency (COWAT, Object and Animal Naming) | WM: 0fr |
| Written language (SGRST) | WM: 0frGM: +fr(z-score 4.98; p < .05) | |||||||
| Arhan et al.[24] 2017 | PT: 22FT: 24 | 28–33 weeks | Apgar score at 5 min >7; absence of major neonatal morbidity; absence of cerebral pathology such as IVH | 9 | Siemens 1,5T1w | Cerebellum and CC volume | Oral language (WISC) | Cerebellum: +(Subtest comprehension:r = .93; p = .001)CC: +(subtest vocabulary: r = .91; p = .001) |
| Parker et al.[25] 2008 | PT: 65FT: 34 | <33 weeks | IVH, drug exposure during pregnancy | 15 | GE 1,5T1w | Cerebellum volume | Oral language (WISC) | +(r = .401; p = .008) |
| Verbal Fluency (COWAT, Object and Animal Naming) | 0 | |||||||
| Narberhaus et al.[26] 2008 | PT: 52FT: 52 | <33 weeks | IQ < 70, history of traumatic brain injury, CP or other neurological diagnosis, motor or sensory impairment that precluded neuropsychological assessment | 10–19 | GE 1,5T1w | CC volume | Oral language (WISC/WAIS subtest) | +(for splenium:r = .32; p < .05) |
| Verbal fluency (COWAT) | +(for genu: r = .37; p < .01) (for splenium: r = 0.32; p < .05) (for isthmus: r = .28; p < .05) | |||||||
| Nosarti et al.[27] 2004 | PT: 66FT: 51 | <33 weeks | NA | 14–15 | GE 1,5T1w, T2w | CC volume | Oral language (WISC) | +(for mid-posterior CC: β = .33; p = .009) |
| Verbal fluency (COWAT, Object and Animal Naming) | +(total CC:β = .35; p = .006) | |||||||
| Written language (SGRST) | 0 | |||||||
| Allin et al.[28] 20ˋ01 | PT: 67FT: 50 | <33 weeks | NA | 14–15 | GE 1,5T1w | Cerebellum volume | Verbal Fluency (FAS, BNT) | 0 |
| Written language (SGRST) | Reading: +(β = .295; p = .019)Spelling: 0 | |||||||
| Martinussen et al.[29] 2009 | PT: 50FT: 49SGA: 49 | 29,1 (2.7) | NA | 15 | Siemens 1,5IR | Brain volumes | Oral language (WISC) | 0WM and Cerebellum: +SGA(Stepwise regression: step 2, part r = .1066, F value = 6.53; p = .0142) |
| Brumbaugh et al.[30] 2016 | PT: 52FT: 74 | 34–36 weeks | Multiple birth, major medical disease, neurological injury, 5-minute Apgar score <7, neonatal sepsis, and birth weight <1500 g for late PT children and <2500 g for FT children | 6–13 | Siemens 3,0T1w | Brain volumes (WM, Cerebellum) | Oral language (WISC) | 0 |
| Verbal Fluency (BNT, Object Naming) | 0 | |||||||
| Written language: reading (WRAT) | 0 | |||||||
| Caldú et al.[31] 2006 | PT: 25FT: 25 | <33 weeks, 29.48 (2.52) | Mentally or physically disabled children | 13 | GE 1,5T1w | GM, WM and CC volume | Oral language (WISC/WAIS), | WM: 0GM: +(r = .50; p < .05)CC: 0 |
| Verbal fluency (RAVLT) | WM: 0GM: 0CC: 0 | |||||||
| Northam et al.[32] 2012 | PT: 50FT: 30 | <33 weeks. 27(2) | NA | 16 | Siemens 1,5T1w, T2w | Brain volumes (CC, Fasciculi) | Oral language (PPVT, TROG) | CC: +(Ancova F(2.72) = 20.5 p < .0001)UF: +AF: 0 |
| Mullen et al.[33] 2011 | PT: 44FT: 41 | 28,3 (1.9) | IVH, PVL, low pressure ventriculomegaly, abnormal MRI findings, abnormal total ventricular CSF volume | 16 | Siemens 1,5 | Brain volumes | Oral language (WISC, PPVT) | WM: 0AF: 0UF: +(left: r = .314; p = .038,right: r = .336; p = .026) |
| Verbal Fluency (CTOPP) | AF: +(left: r = .424; p = .004, right: r = .301; p = .047)UF: 0 | |||||||
| Andrews et al.[34] 2010 | PT: 19FT: 9 | 24–36 weeks 30,5 (3,2) |
NA | 11 | Siemens 3,0T1w | DTI | Written language : reading (WJTA) | Temp/par: +(for passage comprehension: left: r = .417; p < .05, right: r = .459; p < .05)CC: +(for word identification:r = .553; p < .05for word attack: r = .537; p < .05) |
| Constable et al.[35] 2008 | PT: 29FT: 22 | 28,4 (2,0) | IVH, WM injury and/or ventriculomegaly | 12 | GE 1,5SPGR | DTI | Oral language (WISC, PPVT-R) | UF: +males(for VIQ left: r = 0.513; p = .051, right: r = .635; p = .008for PPVT left: r = .511; p = .052, right: r = .619, p = .011)UFright:–females(for VIQ: r = -.744; p = .004for PPVT: r = -.759, p = .003) |
| Kontis et al.[36] 2009 | PT: 63FT: 45 | <33 weeks | Left-handedness | 15 | GE 1,5 | DTI | Oral language (WISC) | CC: 0 |
| Verbal Fluency (CVLT) | CC: +(for CC body with intrusions item: r = .295; p = .029for Splenium with short delay: r = .312, p = .020for splenium with long delay: r = .273 p = .0.44for splenium with long delay free recall: r = .313, p = .020for splenium with intrusions:r = -.306, p = .023) | |||||||
| Skranes et al.[37] 2007 | PT: 34FT: 47 | 29,3 (2.7) | Trisomy 21 | 15 | Siemens 1,5T1w | DTI | Oral language (WISC) | SLright: +(r = .363; p<0.05) |
| Travis et al.[15] 2016 | PT: 26FT: 19 | 26,0–34,5 | Active seizure disorder, hydrocephalus, receptive vocabulary score < 70, sensorineural hearing loss, and non-native speaker of English | 9–17 | GE 3,0T1w | DTI | Written language: reading (WJTA; BRSC) | AFleft: +(for decoding: r = .606; p < .05)UFleft: +(for comprehension: r = .562; p < .05)SL: +(for decoding: right: r = .403; p < .05), left: r = .466; p < .05for comprehension: left: r = .417 p < .05) |
In the correlation column, a ‘+’ refers to a positive correlation; a ‘-’ refers to a negative correlation; a ‘0’ refers to no significant correlation.
Abbreviations: AF = arcuate fasciculus; CC = Corpus Callosum; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; f = females; fr = frontal lobe; FT = full-term; GE: General Electric; GM = gray matter; m = males; IVH = Intraventricular hemorrhage; NA = not applicable; L = left; par = parietal lobe; PT = preterm; PVL = periventricular leukomalacia; R = right; read = reading; SGA: small for gestational age; SL = superior longitudinal fasciculus; spel = spelling; spl = splenium; temp = temporal lobe; UF = uncinated fasciculus; WM = white matter.