. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 4.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017 May 22;25(1):1–12. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1320413

Table 5.

Analysis of risk factors for central geographic atrophy in AREDS from various analysis approaches.^a

Risk factors	Two-eyes, without adjusting for inter-eye correlation		Right eye only		Left eye only		Person-level: central atrophy in either eye		Two-eyes, GEE (working independence correlation)		Two-eye, GLIMMIX (compound symmetry)
Risk factors	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value	Log odds ratio (SE)	p-value
Treatment Group		0.11^b		0.28^b		0.43^b		0.26^b		0.26^b		0.16^b
Antioxidants vs. placebo	−0.15 (0.18)	0.39	−0.22 (0.25)	0.38	−0.08 (0.25)	0.75	−0.17 (0.21)	0.40	−0.15 (0.21)	0.46	−0.14 (0.21)	0.48
Zinc vs. placebo	0.24 (0.16)	0.13	0.25 (0.23)	0.28	0.25 (0.23)	0.29	0.21 (0.19)	0.27	0.24 (0.19)	0.20	0.27 (0.19)	0.16
Zinc + antioxidants vs. placebo	−0.04 (0.17)	0.80	−0.01 (0.24)	0.98	−0.09 (0.25)	0.72	−0.04 (0.20)	0.84	−0.04 (0.20)	0.82	−0.05 (0.20)	0.81
Age	0.07 (0.01)	<0.001	0.06 (0.02)	<0.001	0.07 (0.02)	<0.001	0.06 (0.01)	<0.001	0.07 (0.01)	<0.001	0.07 (0.01)	<0.001
Current smoking	0.57 (0.22)	0.009	0.89 (0.29)	0.002	0.19 (0.34)	0.57	0.61 (0.26)	0.02	0.57 (0.25)	0.02	0.55 (0.27)	0.04
BMI	0.04 (0.01)	0.001	0.05 (0.02)	0.002	0.02 (0.02)	0.18	0.04 (0.01)	0.002	0.04 (0.01)	0.004	0.04 (0.01)	0.004
Worse eye AMD category: 3 vs.2^c	2.64 (0.22)	<0.001	2.94 (0.35)	<0.001	2.41 (0.28)	<0.001	3.09 (0.36)	<0.001	2.64 (0.22)	<0.001	2.57 (0.22)	<0.001

Data were used just to exemplify the statistical techniques, and should not be used for clinical care. The main results of AREDS can be found in reference 17.

Test for heterogeneity among four treatment groups.

Based on the higher of two eyes and excluding participants with grade 1 in both eyes.