Table 3.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of participants
| n | Overall 281 |
Control 143 |
Intervention 138 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| age in years, mean (SD) | 61.89 (8.83) | 61.33 (9.36) | 62.47 (8.25) |
|
| |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 136 (48.4) | 75 (52.45) | 61 (44.2) |
| Male | 145 (51.6) | 68 (47.55) | 77 (55.8) |
|
| |||
| Race | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 116 (41.28) | 60 (41.96) | 56 (40.58) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 156 (55.52) | 79 (55.24) | 77 (55.8) |
| Asian | 2 (0.71) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.45) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1 (0.36) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) |
| Other/Hispanic | 6 (2.14) | 3 (2.1) | 3 (2.17) |
|
| |||
| Education | |||
| 1st to 8th grade | 4 (1.42) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.45) |
| 9 th to 11th grade | 24 (8.54) | 14 (9.79) | 10 (7.25) |
| 12th grade or GED | 62 (22.06) | 34 (23.78) | 28 (20.29) |
| Associates degree (AA or AS) | 22 (7.83) | 11 (7.69) | 11 (7.97) |
| College 1 to 3 years | 72 (25.62) | 34 (23.78) | 38 (27.54) |
| College graduate | 95 (33.81) | 46 (32.17) | 49 (35.51) |
| Missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
|
| |||
| Household income | |||
| Less than $15,000 | 33 (11.74) | 15 (10.49) | 18 (13.04) |
| $15,000-$29,999 | 49 (17.44) | 27 (18.88) | 22 (15.94) |
| $30,000-$59,999 | 77 (27.4) | 37 (25.87) | 40 (28.99) |
| $60,000-$89,999 | 59 (21) | 32 (22.38) | 27 (19.57) |
| $90,000 or more | 53 (18.86) | 25 (17.48) | 28 (20.29) |
| Don’t know | 6 (2.14) | 4 (2.8) | 2 (1.45) |
| Refused | 2 (0.71) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.72) |
| Missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
|
| |||
| Employment | |||
| Employed for wages, full-time | 80 (28.47) | 40 (27.97) | 40 (28.99) |
| Employed for wages, part-time | 10 (3.56) | 6 (4.2) | 4 (2.9) |
| Self-employed | 12 (4.27) | 6 (4.2) | 6 (4.35) |
| Not employ ed for wages | 7 (2.49) | 5 (3.5) | 2 (1.45) |
| Retired, not working | 97 (34.52) | 46 (32.17) | 51 (36.96) |
| Retired, working part-time or more | 26 (9.25) | 15 (10.49) | 11 (7.97) |
| Unable to work or disabled | 47 (16.73) | 23 (16.08) | 24 (17.39) |
| No response/missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
|
| |||
| Tobacco use in the past 12 months | |||
| No | 233 (82.92) | 120 (83.92) | 113 (81.88) |
| Yes | 44 (15.66) | 21 (14.69) | 23 (16.67) |
| Missing | 4 (1.42) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.45) |
|
| |||
| Self-reported medical history | |||
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 3 (1.07) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.72) |
| Borderline or pre-diabetes | 12 (4.27) | 6 (4.2) | 6 (4.35) |
| Yes | 262 (93.24) | 131 (91.61) | 131 (94.93) |
| Missing | 4 (1.42) | 4 (2.8) | 0 (0) |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 22 (7.83) | 13 (9.09) | 9 (6.52) |
| Yes | 256 (91.1) | 127 (88.81) | 129 (93.48) |
| Don’t know | 1 (0.36) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) |
| Missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
| Cardiovascular disease* | |||
| No | 237 (84.34) | 118 (82.52) | 119 (86.23) |
| Yes | 44 (15.66) | 25 (17.48) | 19 (13.77) |
| Chronic kidney disease** | |||
| No | 137 (87.82) | 68 (83.95) | 69 (92.0) |
| Yes | 17 (10.9) | 11 (13.5) | 6 (8.0) |
| Don’t know | 1 (0.64) | 1 (1.23) | 0 (0) |
| Missing | 1 (0.64) | 1 (1.23) | 0 (0) |
| High cholesterol | |||
| No | 84 (29.89) | 42 (29.37) | 42 (30.43) |
| Yes | 187 (66.55) | 92 (64.34) | 95 (68.84) |
| Don’t know | 6 (2.14) | 6 (4.2) | 0 (0) |
| Missing | 4 (1.42) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.72) |
|
| |||
| Blood preesure (BP) variables, mmHg, mean (SD) | |||
| Systolic BP (n=279) | 134.33 (19.46) | 133.55 (22.34) | 135.14 (16.05) |
| Diastolic BP (n=279) | 76.31 (13.53) | 75.98 (14.95) | 76.65 (11.96) |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (n=279) | 71.33 (12.38) | 71.07 (12.07) | 71.6 (12.74) |
| BP ≥ 140/90 | |||
| No | 176 (62.63) | 93 (65.03) | 83 (60.14) |
| Yes | 103 (36.65) | 48 (33.57) | 55 (39.86) |
| Missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
|
| |||
| BMI, kg/m2 (n=279), mean (SD) | 35.66 (7.87) | 36.15 (8.45) | 35.16 (7.23) |
|
| |||
| Hemoglobin A1c, % (n=280), mean (SD) | 7.97 (1.8) | 7.98 (1.84) | 7.96 (1.77) |
|
| |||
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2, mean (SD) | 80.7 (21.69) | 80.09 (23.11) | 81.33 (20.17) |
| eGFR categories | |||
| 0 – 44 | 15 (5.34) | 9 (6.29) | 6 (4.35) |
| 45 – 59 | 35 (12.46) | 20 (13.99) | 15 (10.87) |
| 60-89 | 133 (47.33) | 68 (47.55) | 65 (47.1) |
| ≥90 | 98 (34.88) | 46 (32.17) | 52 (37.68) |
| Urinary ACR, mg/g (n=271), median [IQR] | 30 [10-125] | 30 [11-120] | 30 [9-131] |
| Urinary ACR categories | |||
| 0 – 29 | 136 (48.4) | 69 (48.25) | 67 (48.55) |
| 30 – 299 | 100 (35.59) | 52 (36.36) | 48 (34.78) |
| ≥ 300 | 35 (12.46) | 16 (11.19) | 19 (13.77) |
| Missing | 10 (3.56) | 6 (4.2) | 4 (2.9) |
|
| |||
| REALM score (n=273) | 60.68 (8.97) | 60.9 (8.29) | 60.47 (9.63) |
| REALM categories | |||
| ≤ 60 (limited health literacy) | 75 (26.69) | 38 (26.57) | 37 (26.81) |
| > 60 (normal health literacy) | 198 (70.46) | 99 (69.23) | 99 (71.74) |
| Missing | 8 (2.85) | 6 (4.2) | 2 (1.45) |
|
| |||
| Medication adherence score | 1.71 (1.62) | 1.82 (1.73) | 1.59 (1.5) |
| Medication adherence | |||
| ≤ 2 (adherent) | 182 (64.77) | 87 (60.84) | 95 (68.84) |
| > 2 (non-adherent) | 97 (34.52) | 54 (37.76) | 43 (31.16) |
| Missing | 2 (0.71) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
*
Not self-report; ascertained from the electronic medical record
**
Among the 156 participants with chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m2) or urinary ACR ≥ 30mg/g
Abbreviations: BP= blood pressure; BMI=body mass index; eGFR= estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR= albumin-to-creatinine ratio; REALM= Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine