Table 3.

Odds of medication use adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, aggressive disease^a, and type of inflammatory bowel disease

Asians (ref.: whites)	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Thiopurines	0.78	0.53–1.15
Biologic agentsb	0.45	0.30–0.67
Narcotics	0.47	0.30–0.74

^aAggressive disease is defined as stricturing or penetrating disease for Crohn disease and pancolitis for ulcerative colitis.

^bBiologic agents include infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab.