Table A1.
Characteristics of households with children between 2 and 5 years old from communities with a high risk of underweight children in Surabaya, Indonesia on their food security status.
| Variable | Food Security | Mild Insecurity | Moderate Insecurity | Severe Insecurity | Total | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Row % | n | Row % | n | Row % | n | Row % | n | Column % | ||
| Total | 288 | 42.0 | 157 | 22.9 | 105 | 15.3 | 135 | 19.7 | 685 | 100 | |
| Maternal literacy | 0.012 * | ||||||||||
| Illiterate | 17 | 29.8 | 11 | 19.3 | 9 | 15.8 | 20 | 35.1 | 57 | 8.3 | |
| Partially literate | 32 | 34.0 | 20 | 21.3 | 19 | 20.2 | 23 | 24.5 | 94 | 13.7 | |
| Literate | 239 | 44.8 | 126 | 23.6 | 77 | 14.4 | 92 | 17.2 | 534 | 78.0 | |
| Maternal education | <0.001 *** | ||||||||||
| Low (no schooling or elementary school) | 88 | 27.5 | 83 | 25.9 | 54 | 16.9 | 95 | 29.7 | 320 | 46.8 | |
| Medium (junior high school) | 62 | 44.9 | 32 | 23.2 | 27 | 19.6 | 17 | 12.3 | 138 | 20.1 | |
| High (senior high school or college/university) | 138 | 460.8 | 42 | 18.5 | 24 | 10.6 | 23 | 10.1 | 227 | 33.1 | |
| Number of children under 5 years old in the household | 0.046 * | ||||||||||
| 1 child | 260 | 42.1 | 141 | 22.9 | 91 | 14.8 | 125 | 20.3 | 617 | 90.1 | |
| 2 children | 28 | 43.1 | 13 | 20 | 14 | 21.5 | 10 | 15.4 | 65 | 9.5 | |
| Maternal occupation | 0.290 | ||||||||||
| Housewife without maid | 216 | 41.5 | 118 | 22.7 | 86 | 16.5 | 100 | 19.2 | 520 | 75.9 | |
| Housewife with maid | 10 | 38.5 | 5 | 19.2 | 4 | 15.4 | 7 | 26.9 | 26 | 3.8 | |
| Private sector | 23 | 54.8 | 7 | 16.7 | 4 | 9.5 | 8 | 19.1 | 42 | 6.1 | |
| Trade and entrepreneur | 25 | 49.0 | 11 | 21.6 | 5 | 9.8 | 10 | 19.6 | 51 | 7.5 | |
| Labor/miscellaneous services | 11 | 25.6 | 16 | 37.2 | 6 | 14.0 | 10 | 23.3 | 43 | 6.3 | |
| Paternal occupation (n = 650) | <0.001 *** | ||||||||||
| Government officer (including Army/Police) | 56 | 88.9 | 4 | 6.4 | 2 | 3.2 | 1 | 1.6 | 63 | 9.7 | |
| Private sector | 93 | 48.4 | 49 | 25.5 | 24 | 12.5 | 26 | 13.5 | 192 | 29.5 | |
| Trade and entrepreneur | 44 | 39.6 | 26 | 23.4 | 28 | 25.2 | 13 | 11.7 | 111 | 17.1 | |
| Labor | 62 | 31.5 | 53 | 26.9 | 25 | 12.7 | 57 | 28.9 | 197 | 30.3 | |
| Other | 23 | 26.7 | 18 | 20.9 | 22 | 25.6 | 23 | 26.7 | 86 | 13.2 | |
| Household’s monthly income (n = 508) | <0.001 *** | ||||||||||
| Low (≤Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) 1,500,000 or≤$150) | 74 | 28.3 | 71 | 27.1 | 48 | 18.3 | 69 | 26.3 | 262 | 51.6 | |
| Medium (>IDR 1500,000–2,500,000 or >$150–250) | 52 | 42.6 | 22 | 18.0 | 20 | 16.4 | 28 | 23.0 | 122 | 24.0 | |
| High (>IDR 2,500,000 or >$250) | 93 | 75.0 | 19 | 15.3 | 4 | 3.2 | 8 | 6.5 | 124 | 22.4 | |
| Paternal smoking status (n = 683) | 0.045 * | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 102 | 50 | 42 | 20.6 | 25 | 12.3 | 35 | 17.2 | 204 | 29.8 | |
| Smoker | 184 | 38.5 | 114 | 23.9 | 80 | 16.7 | 100 | 20.9 | 478 | 69.8 | |
Variables are significantly associated with food security status: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, p-values obtained with chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact test for small cell sizes (less than 10 participants), n = 685 unless indicated otherwise.