Table 1.

Categories of patients that should be screened for vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia Osteoporosis (particularly if bone active drugs are to be used) Older adults with history of falls Older adults with history of non-traumatic fractures Pregnant and lactating women Obese children and adults People not exposed to sufficient sun exposure Malabsorption syndromes (congenital or acquired) and bariatric surgery Chronic kidney disease Hepatic failure Cystic fibrosis Hyperparathyroidism Drug interfering with vitamin D metabolism (anti-seizure medications, glucocorticoids, AIDS medications, anti-fungals, cholestyramine) Granulomatous disorders and some lymphomas (in these cases, also 1.25(OH)2D should be tested)