Table 2.
Mean of zinc intake and zinc density by gender, age, region, education, income, and area subgroups.
| Zinc Intake (mg/day) (means ± SD) | Zinc Density (mg/day/1000 kcal) (means ± SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total |
| Total | 11.2 ± 4.2 | 9.4 ± 3.6 | 10.2 ± 4.0 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
| p-values for difference † | <0.001 * | |||||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–49 | 11.4 ± 4.3 | 9.6 ± 3.7 | 10.4 ± 4.1 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 |
| 50–64 | 10.9 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 3.5 | 10.0 ± 3.9 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.3 |
| p-values for difference † | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Country | 11.0 ± 4.2 | 9.2 ± 3.6 | 10.1 ± 4.0 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.2 |
| County | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 9.3 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 3.8 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.2 |
| Suburb | 11.2 ± 4.3 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 10.3 ± 4.1 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 |
| City | 11.5 ± 4.1 | 9.8 ± 3.8 | 10.6 ± 4.0 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.4 |
| p-values for linear trend ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary/below | 11.0 ± 3.9 | 9.2 ± 3.4 | 9.9 ± 3.7 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.3 |
| Middle school | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 9.4 ± 3.8 | 10.3 ± 4.2 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.3 |
| High school | 11.2 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 3.6 | 10.4 ± 4.0 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
| University/above | 11.5 ± 4.2 | 9.6 ± 3.6 | 10.6 ± 4.0 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.3 |
| p-values for linear trend ‡ | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Income | ||||||
| low | 11.1 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 3.8 | 10.2 ± 4.1 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.3 |
| Medium | 10.9 ± 4.1 | 9.2 ± 3.5 | 10.0 ± 3.9 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
| High | 11.5 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 3.6 | 10.5 ± 4.0 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 |
| p-values for linear trend ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Area | ||||||
| Western | 11.3 ± 4.3 | 9.7 ± 3.9 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
| Central | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 9.1 ± 3.5 | 10.0 ± 3.9 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.2 |
| Eastern | 11.1 ± 4.1 | 9.3 ± 3.5 | 10.2 ± 3.9 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 |
| p-values for linear trend ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
*: Compared with male; values adjusted for age, region, education, income, and area, the intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates and fats; †: p-values from analysis of variance (ANOVA); ‡: p-values from linear regression. The zinc intake in the age, region, education, income, and area groups was adjusted for energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fats; The zinc density in the above group was adjusted for protein, carbohydrates, and fats.