Table 1.
Characteristics of mother-child pairs at early and late gestation 1.
| Maternal Characteristics | Early Gestation | Late Gestation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 31.92 ± 4.64 (186) 2 | 31.90 ± 4.60 (167) | |
| BMI before pregnancy, kg/m2 | 22.23 ± 2.92 (186) | 22.26 ± 2.96 (167) | |
| BMI classification 3 | |||
| Underweight, n (%) | 10 (5.4) | 9 (5.4) | |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 143 (76.9) | 128 (76.6) | |
| Overweight, n (%) | 30 (16.1) | 27 (16.2) | |
| Obese, n (%) | 3 (1.6) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Gestational age, week | 39.64 ± 1.48 (186) | 39.74 ± 1.30 (167) | |
| Primiparae, n (%) | 110 (59.1) | 98 (58.7) | |
| Offspring characteristics | |||
| At birth | Male, n (%) | 97 (52.2) | 85 (50.9) |
| Weight, kg | 3.44 ± 0.52 (186) | 3.47 ± 0.48 (167) | |
| zBMI 4 | 0.18 ±1.04 (186) | 0.21 ± 0.97 (167) | |
| Fat mass 5, kg | 0.49 ± 0.14 (166) | 0.49 ± 0.14 (151) | |
| Subcutaneous fat areaaxial 6, mm2 | 30.8 ± 12.2 (159) | 30.62 ± 12.28 (148) | |
| Preperitoneal fat areaaxial 6, mm2 | 10.7 ± 3.5 (151) | 10.78 ± 3.56 (141) | |
| At 1 year | Male, n (%) | 85 (50.6) | 80 (50.6) |
| Weight, kg | 9.53 ± 1.04 (168) | 9.53 ± 1.05 (158) | |
| zBMI | 0.09 ± 1.01 (168) | 0.11 ± 1.00 (158) | |
| Fat mass, kg | 1.90 ± 0.43 (163) | 1.89 ± 0.43 (153) | |
| Subcutaneous fat areaaxial, mm2 | 28.39 ± 13.43 (154) | 28.15 ± 13.40 (146) | |
| Preperitoneal fat areaaxial, mm2 | 17.77 ± 5.89 (153) | 17.82 ± 5.95 (145) | |
| At 3 years | Male, n (%) | 82 (51.3) | 77 (51.3) |
| Weight, kg | 14.60 ± 1.68 (160) | 14.57 ± 1.74 (150) | |
| zBMI | 0.15 ± 2.14 (160) | 0.18 ± 2.21 (150) | |
| Fat mass, kg | 2.71 ± 0.60 (112) | 2.72 ± 0.61 (103) | |
| Subcutaneous fat areaaxial, mm2 | 19.75 ± 12.02 (101) | 19.68 ±12.12 (93) | |
| Preperitoneal fat areaaxial, mm2 | 32.63 ± 11.30 (100) | 32.55 ± 11.44 (92) | |
| At 5 years | Male, n (%) | 77 (50.7) | 73 (50.7) |
| Weight, kg | 18.99 ± 2.48 (152) | 18.96 ± 2.54 (144) | |
| zBMI | −0.13 ± 0.82 (152) | −0.14 ± 0.83 (144) | |
| Fat mass, kg | 3.47 ± 1.00 (111) | 3.47 ± 1.02 (105) | |
| Subcutaneous fat areaaxial, mm2 | 20.87 ± 12.84 (96) | 20.63 ± 12.77 (91) | |
| Preperitoneal fat areaaxial, mm2 | 48.52 ± 14.19 (95) | 48.29 ± 14.56 (90) | |
| SAT volume, cm3 | 563.51 ± 155.35 (44) | 565.82 ± 158.64 (42) | |
| VAT volume, cm3 | 104.19 ± 33.71 (44) | 104.81 ± 34.40 (42) | |
1 Early gestation ≙ 15th week of gestation, late gestation ≙ 32nd week of gestation; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; zBMI, BMI z score. 2 Mean ± SD; n in parentheses (all such values). Values were calculated from the observed data. 3 BMI classification according to World Health Organization [24]. 4 zBMI according to [19]. 5 Calculated out of the sum of 4 SFTs (biceps + triceps + subscuapular + suprailiac) according to Weststrate and Deurenberg [20]. 6 Ultrasound measurements were performed at 6 weeks postpartum.