Table 3.
Nutritional indicators of the overall diet across strata of increasing ultra-processed food consumption. U.K. population aged 1.5 years or over (2008–2014).
| Indicator a,b | Overall Diet | Quintiles of the Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods to Total Energy Intake | Standardized Regression Coefficient | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Crude | Adjusted c | |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1764.71 | 8.55 | 1732.00 | 1766.35 | 1784.89 | 1776.38 | 1763.96 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Percentage of energy intake from: | |||||||||
| Proteins | 15.77 | 0.06 | 17.24 | 16.57 | 16.00 | 15.19 | 13.84 | -0.32 * | -0.30 * |
| Carbohydrates | 48.65 | 0.12 | 45.45 | 47.27 | 48.61 | 50.07 | 51.84 | 0.30 * | 0.26 * |
| Free sugars | 12.44 | 0.10 | 9.94 | 11.34 | 12.16 | 13.38 | 15.41 | 0.29 * | 0.23 * |
| Fats | 32.18 | 0.09 | 31.37 | 31.93 | 32.12 | 32.47 | 33.04 | 0.09 * | 0.11 * |
| Saturated fats | 12.10 | 0.05 | 11.67 | 12.19 | 12.24 | 12.18 | 12.19 | 0.04 * | 0.03 |
| Dietary fibre density (g/1000 kcal) | 7.70 | 0.04 | 8.36 | 8.04 | 7.81 | 7.46 | 6.86 | -0.20 * | -0.13 * |
| Sodium density (g/1000 kcal) | 1213.91 | 5.11 | 1072.57 | 1204.21 | 1228.75 | 1245.29 | 1318.85 | 0.23 * | 0.22 * |
| Potassium density (mg/1000 kcal) | 1547.86 | 5.94 | 1735.20 | 1635.79 | 1571.38 | 1470.65 | 1326.19 | -0.37 * | -0.31 * |
a All values refer to means; b Values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for proteins (10–15% of total energy), carbohydrates (55–75% of total energy), free sugars (<10% of total energy), fats (15–30% of total energy), saturated fats (<10% of total energy), dietary fibre (≥10 g/1000 kcal), sodium (<1 g/1000 kcal), and potassium (≥1755 mg/1000 kcal); c Adjusted for age (years), sex, ethnicity (white, mixed ethnic group, black or black British, Asian or Asian British, and other race), and equivalised household income (in pounds sterling); * p < 0.01 for linear trend across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption.