Table 3.
Prospective cohort studies of allium vegetables and cardiovascular disease outcomes.
| Study Cohort (Country) | Sample Number | Sex | Age (years) | Dietary Assessment Method | Outcome | Follow-up (years) | Results | First Author, Year (ref) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLSAW (Australia) | 1226 | F | ≥70 | FFQ | ASVD (fatal ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease excluding hemorrhage, or peripheral heart disease) | 15 | 15% ↓ HR (per 5 g/day) | Blekkenhorst, 2017 [72] |
| SWHS (China) | 67,211 | F | 40–70 | FFQ | CHD (fatal CHD or nonfatal MI) | 9.8 | No association | Yu, 2013 [83] |
| NHS (USA) | 66,360 | F | 30–55 | FFQ | CHD (fatal CHD or nonfatal MI) | 12 | No association | Lin, 2007 [85] |
| SMHS (China) | 55,474 | M | 40–75 | FFQ | CHD (fatal CHD or nonfatal MI) | 5.4 | No association | Yu, 2013 [83] |
| MORGEN (The Netherlands) | 20,069 | M and F | 20–65 | FFQ | CHD (fatal CHD or nonfatal acute MI) | 10 | No association | Oude Griep, 2011 [75] |
| FSII (Finland) | 2748 | M | 30–69 | DHQ | CHD (death) | 26 | No association | Knekt, 1996 [86] |
| FSII (Finland) | 2385 | F | 30–69 | DHQ | CHD (death) | 26 | 50% ↓ RR (high vs. low intake) | Knekt, 1996 [86] |
| Caerphilly Study (UK) | 2512 | M | 45–59 | FFQ | IHD (IHD death, nonfatal MI, MI define by electrocardiogram) | 10 | No association | Hertog, 1997 [87] |
| PLSAW (Australia) | 1226 | F | ≥70 | FFQ | IHD (death) | 15 | 18% ↓ HR (per 5 g/day) | Blekkenhorst, 2017 [72] |
| FMCHES (Finland) | 9208 | M and F | ≥15 | DHQ | CVA (fatal or nonfatal) | 28 | No association | Knekt, 2000 [88] |
| PLSAW (Australia) | 1226 | F | ≥70 | FFQ | Ischemic CVA (death) | 15 | 25% ↓ HR (per 5 g/day) | Blekkenhorst, 2017 [72] |
| SMC and COSM (Sweden) | 74,961 | M and F | 45–83 | FFQ | Stroke (cerebral infarction, hemorrhagic stroke or unspecified stroke) | 10.2 | No association | Larsson, 2013 [77] |
| FMCHES (Finland) | 9208 | M and F | ≥15 | DHQ | Acute strokes | 28 | No association | Knekt, 2000 [88] |
| DDCHS (Denmark) | 54,506 | M and F | 50–64 | FFQ | Ischemic stroke (ischemic infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage) | 3.09 | No association | Johnsen, 2003 [79] |
| FMCHES (Finland) | 9208 | M and F | ≥15 | DHQ | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 28 | No association | Knekt, 2000 [88] |
| FMCHES (Finland) | 9208 | M and F | ≥15 | DHQ | Thrombosis or embolia | 28 | No association | Knekt, 2000 [88] |
ASVD, atherosclerotic vascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; COSM, Cohort of Swedish Men; CVA, cerebrovascular disease; DDCHS, Danish Diet, Cancer, and Healthy Study; DHQ, dietary history questionnaire; F, female; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; FMCHES, Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey; FSII, Finnish Social Insurance Institution; HR, hazard ratio; IHD, ischemic heart disease; M, male; MI, myocardial infarction; MORGEN, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases in The Netherlands; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; PLSAW, Perth Longitudinal Study of Ageing Women; ref, reference; RR, relative risk; SMC, Swedish Mammography Cohort; SMHS, Shanghai Men’s Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women’s Health Study.