Table 4.
Prospective cohort studies of yellow-orange-red vegetables and cardiovascular disease outcomes.
| Study Cohort (Country) | Sample Number | Sex | Age (years) | Dietary Assessment Method | Outcome | Follow-up (years) | Results | First Author, Year (ref) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPHCPS (Japan) | 77,891 | M and F | 45–74 | FFQ | CVD (MI or stroke) | 5–8 | No association | Takachi, 2007 [69] |
| IWHS (USA) | 34,489 | F | 55–69 | FFQ | CVD (CHD or stroke) | 16 | No association | Mink, 2007 [81] |
| Framingham Offspring Study (USA) | 2525 | M and F | 26–79 | FFQ | CVD (fatal or nonfatal CHD, CVA, congestive heart failure or peripheral vascular disease) | 11 | 6% ↓ HR (per 1 serving/day) | Jacques, 2013 [89] |
| MHCPS (USA) | 1273 | M and F | ≥66 | FFQ | CVD (death) | 4.75 | 60% ↓ RR (≥1 vs. <1 serving) | Gaziano, 1995 [71] |
| Zutphen Elderly Study (The Netherlands) | 559 | M | 65–84 | DHQ | CVD (fatal ischemic heart disease, stroke or other diseases of the circulatory system) | 15 | 17% ↓ RR (per SD) | Buijsse, 2008 [90] |
| PLSAW (Australia) | 1226 | F | ≥70 | FFQ | ASVD (fatal ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease excluding hemorrhage, or peripheral heart disease) | 15 | No association | Blekkenhorst, 2017 [72] |
| NHS (USA) | 66,360 | F | 30–55 | FFQ | CHD (fatal CHD or nonfatal MI) | 12 | No association | Lin, 2007 [85] |
| EPICOR (Italy) | 29,689 | F | 35–74 | FFQ | CHD (fatal or nonfatal MI or coronary revascularization) | 7.85 | No association | Bendinelli, 2011 [74] |
| MORGEN (The Netherlands) | 20,069 | M and F | 20–65 | FFQ | CHD (nonfatal acute MI or fatal CHD) | 10 | No association | Oude Griep, 2011 [75] |
| Framingham Offspring Study (USA) | 2525 | M and F | 26–79 | FFQ | CHD (MI, angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency or CHD death) | 11 | 10% ↓ HR (per 1 serving/day) | Jacques, 2013 [89] |
| Linxian NIT (China) | 2445 | M and F | 40–69 | FFQ | Heart disease (death) | 26 | 23% ↓ HR (per once/day) | Wang, 2016 [76] |
| SMC and COSM (Sweden) | 74,961 | M and F | 45–83 | FFQ | Stroke (cerebral infarction, hemorrhagic stroke or unspecified stroke) | 10.2 | No association | Larsson, 2013 [77] |
| Framingham Offspring Study (USA) | 2525 | M and F | 26–79 | FFQ | Stroke (nonfatal) | 11 | No association | Jacques, 2013 [89] |
| Linxian NIT (China) | 2445 | M and F | 40–69 | FFQ | Stroke (death) | 26 | No association | Wang, 2016 [76] |
ASVD, atherosclerotic vascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHS, dietary history questionnaire; EPICOR, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts in northern (Turin and Varese), central (Florence), and southern (Naples and Ragusa) Italy; F, female; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; HR, hazard ratio; IWHS, Iowa Women’s Health Study; JPHCPS, Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective Study; M, male; MHCPS, Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study; MI, myocardial infarction; MORGEN, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases in The Netherlands; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NIT, Nutrition Intervention Trials; PLSAW, Perth Longitudinal Study of Ageing Women; ref, reference; RR, relative risk.