Table 1.
Study participants’ anthropometric, metabolic, and behavioral characteristics at baseline.
| Beverage Condition | One-Way ANOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAT | SUC | NNS | F-Value | p-Value | |
| Body weight [kg] | 66.6 ± 1.2 | 66.5 ± 1.2 | 66.5 ± 1.1 | 0.39 | 0.68 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 21.3 ± 0.4 | 0.12 | 0.89 |
| Body fat mass [kg] | 12.3 ± 1.2 | 12.2 ± 0.9 | 12.2 ± 1.1 | 0.04 | 0.97 |
| Plasma glucose [mmol/L] | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 1.23 | 0.31 |
| Plasma insulin [µU/mL] | 10.3 ± 0.7 | 9.8 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 2.33 | 0.11 |
| Plasma ghrelin [pg/mL] | 984.8 ± 94.1 | 925.7 ± 70.4 | 963.3 ± 94.1 | 0.90 | 0.41 |
| Hunger level [%] | 71.4 ± 5.1 | 73.3 ± 4.4 | 72.6 ± 4.7 | 0.12 | 0.89 |
| Thirst level [%] | 55.7 ± 5.5 | 67.1 ± 3.8 | 61.5 ± 5.1 | 2.38 | 0.11 |
| Satiety level [%] | 21.7 ± 4.2 | 23.6 ± 4.8 | 20.4 ± 3.4 | 0.25 | 0.78 |
| Taste cravings (1–9) | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 0.30 | 0.75 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of mean). WAT, SUC, NNS: Water-, Sucrose-, NNS-beverage conditions. BMI: body mass index.