Table 1.
General characteristics of the subjects. 1.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 9291) | Men (n = 3682) | Women (n = 5609) | p-Value 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.3 ± 0.2 | 40.9 ± 0.2 | 41.8 ± 0.2 | 0.002 |
| BMI (body mass index, kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 0.0 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 23.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2136.2 ± 11.4 | 2463.7 ± 17.2 | 1810.3 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||
| ≤Middle school | 1907 (16.0) | 625 (12.8) | 1282 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| High school | 3675 (41.7) | 1474 (42.8) | 2201 (40.6) | |
| ≥University | 3709 (42.3) | 1583 (44.4) | 2126 (40.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 8525 (93.2) | 3556 (96.6) | 4969 (89.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 3153 (39.4) | 2666 (69.8) | 487 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | 3883 (45.1) | 1659 (48.1) | 2224 (42.0) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 2009 (20.7) | 1043 (26.5) | 966 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) 3 | 80.7 ± 0.1 | 85.4 ± 0.2 | 76.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 3 | 114.3 ± 0.2 | 118.9 ± 0.3 | 111.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 3 | 75.6 ± 0.2 | 79.2 ± 0.2 | 73.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) 3 | 135.5 ± 1.5 | 170.5 ± 2.6 | 108.5 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) 3 | 97.3 ± 0.3 | 101.2 ± 0.4 | 95.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 3 | 51.5 ± 0.1 | 47.1 ± 0.2 | 55.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Dietary inflammatory index score | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey. 1 Data are expressed as the number of subjects for each category (weighted percentage) or means ± SE (standard error). 2 All p-values represent differences between men and women, p-values are from the chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. 3 Means ± SE were adjusted for age and sex.