Fig. 4.

Angiogenic effects of hypoxic exosomes. (A) In-vitro tube formation assay using EPC cells was performed in presence of either normoxic or hypoxic exosomes. A set of 4 different images was analyzed for each treatment and angiogenesis parameters were tabulated. Compared to untreated EPCs and those treated with normoxic exosomes, hypoxic exosome treatment produced a significant increase in the number of branching intervals, (B) and tube length, (C) in cultured EPCs. (D) Exosomes derived from both normoxic and hypoxic cells conferred significant cytoprotective effects to U87MG cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by 0.5 mM H₂O₂. Error bars, SEM (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).