Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for behavioral measures and group differences tested at Time 1 and Time 2.

	Low PA group (N = 20)		Control group (N = 32)		Z/ta
	Mean (SD)	Range	Mean (SD)	Range
T1 Age (year)	6.36 (0.32)	5.88–6.99	6.41 (0.32)	5.6–6.93	−0.56
T1 Nonverbal IQ	23.30 (11.90)	5–43	24.72 (9.73)	12–44	−0.45
T1 Phonological awareness tests
T1 Rime detection	10.25 (3.19)	3–16	12.75 (2.02)	9–16	−3.47**
T1 Lexical tone detection	7.80 (5.16)	0–20	12.41 (4.66)	6–23	−3.62**
T1 Syllable deletion	11.50 (3.69)	4–16	14.91 (1.69)	10–16	−3.63**
T1 Phoneme deletion	1.35 (2.78)	0–9	4.88 (5.04)	0–21	−3.07**
T2 Character recognition	48.72 (24.03)	12–93	66.72 (31.88)	10–117	−2.1*

Note:

^aGroup contrasts for age, nonverbal IQ, rime detection at Time 1, and character recognition at Time 2 used t-test (t); group contrasts for lexical tone detection, syllable deletion, and phoneme deletion at Time 1 used Mann–Whitney test (Z).

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01.