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. 2018 Jun 4;8:8539. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26804-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolites quantified by NMR and GCxGC-MS in both tissue and plasma after IRI. (A) Extracted metabolites were analysed by GCxGC-qMS. A representative 2D-GCxGC map is shown in which the identified metabolites are numbered. (B) Relative quantities of 1. Palmitate, 2. Stearate, 3. Linoleate, 4. 1-monopalmitin, 5. 2-monopalmitin, 6. 2-monostearin, and 7. Cholesterol detected in control (HC), contralateral (4 h-C, 24 h-C and injured kidney tissue (4 h-IRI, 24 h-IRI). (C) Relative quantities of 1. Glucose, 2. Lactate, 3. Creatinine, 4. Urea, 5. AMP, 6. Adenosine, 7. Citrate, 8. Glutamic acid and 9. Glycine detected in control (HC), contralateral (4 h-C, 24 h-C and injured kidney tissue (4 h-IRI, 24 h-IRI). Metabolite levels are provided as detected by GCxGC-qMS, and the values labelled with (#) by ¹H-NMR. (D) ATP levels were quantified using a luminescent ATP detection assay kit in kidney tissues (normalized to tissue weight). (E) Metabolites measured using conventional clinical measurement in plasma of HC, 4 h and 24 IRI animals: 1. Glucose, 2. Lactate and 3. Creatinine. Data is presented as mean ± SEM. 4 h-IRI and 24 h-IRI: kidneys subjected to IRI; 4 h-C and 24 h-C: contralateral controls; HC: healthy controls. ^*p-value < 0.05, ^**p-value < 0.01, ^***p-value < 0.001.