Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Setting | Type of RDT specimen | Sample size | Male participants | Type of population | Age | Participants ever tested for HIV | Education | Study design | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Directly assisted studies | |||||||||
| Prazuck et al (2016)37 | France, urban | Blood based | 411* | 54·5% | GP (100%) | .. | 78·6% (367/411) | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Majam et al (2016)40 | South Africa, urban | Blood based | 60 | 46·7% | GP (100%) | .. | .. | 33% primary, 34% secondary, 33% tertiary | Cross-sectional |
| MacGowan et al (2014)29 | USA, urban | Both | 22 | 100% | KP (100%) | .. | .. | 45% (10/22) college graduate or higher, 41% (9/22) some college, 14% (3/22) less than college | Cross-sectional |
| Choko et al (2015)6 | Malawi, urban | Oral fluid based | 1649 | .. | GP (91·4%), PLHIV (8·5%) | .. | .. | .. | Cohort |
| Choko et al (2011)20 | Malawi, urban | Oral fluid based | 283 | 48·1% | GP (92·7%), PLHIV (7·3%) | 27 years (IQR 22–32) | 62% (175/283) | 40·3% (114/283) primary or less, 59·7% (169/283) higher than primary education | Cross-sectional and qualitative |
| Marley et al (2014)30 | China, urban | Oral fluid based | 229 | .. | GP (100%), VCT clients | .. | .. | .. | Cross-sectional and qualitative |
| Martínez Pérez et al (2016)36 | South Africa, rural | Oral fluid based | 2198 | 33·7% | GP (84·7%), PLHIV (15·3%) | 27·5 years (IQR 22–36) | 94·1% (2068/2198) | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Sarkar et al (2016)38 | India, rural | Oral fluid based | 202 | 0 | Pregnant women (100%) | .. | .. | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Pant Pai et al (2013)34 | South Africa, urban | Oral fluid based | 251 | 21·1% | HCW (100%) | .. | 86·8% (218/251) | 59·8% (150/251) high school or less, 24·3% (61/251) college or technical school, 10·3% (26/251) university or higher, 4·8% (12/251) other | Cross-sectional |
| Pant Pai et al (2014)35 | Canada, urban | Oral fluid based | 145 | 38·6% | GP (100%) | 22 years | 49·4% (124/145) | College 20·6% (30/145), vocational or trade school 13·1% (19/145), university or higher 66·2% (96/145) | Cross-sectional |
| Asiimwe et al (2014; observed arm)18 | Uganda, rural | Oral fluid based | 123 | 62·6% | GP (100%) | 27 years (IQR 22–32) | 78·1% (96/123) | 70·7% (87/123) less than primary, 21·1% (26/123) primary complete, 8·1% (10/123) secondary or higher | Randomised controlled trial |
| Asiimwe et al (2014; unobserved arm)18 | Uganda, rural | Oral fluid based | 123 | 52·1% | GP (100%) | 28 years (IQR 23–32) | 78·9% (97/123) | 75·6% (93/123) less than primary, 13·8% (17/123) primary complete, 10·6% (13/123) secondary or higher | Randomised controlled trial |
| Unassisted studies | |||||||||
| Lee et al (2007)27 | Singapore, urban | Blood based | 350 | 89·4% | GP (74·9%), PLHIV (25·1%) | 33 years (IQR 27–41) | 74·8% (262/350) | 12% (40/350) primary, 28% (97/350) secondary, 60% (210/350) at least tertiary education | Cross-sectional |
| Gras et al (2014)25 | France, urban | Blood based | 40 | 75·0% | PLHIV (100%) | .. | .. | 32·5% (13/40) primary, 35% (14/40) secondary, 32·5% (13/40) tertiary education | Cross-sectional |
| Dong et al (2014)22 | South Africa, rural | Blood based | 233 | 28·8% | GP (100%) | .. | 89·3% (208/233) | Less than high school 63·5% (148/233), high school 29·2% (68/233), some tertiary education 7·3% (17/233) | Cross-sectional |
| Chavez et al (2016; oral fluid arm)19 | USA, urban | Both | 818† | 100% | .. | 27 years (range 18–54) | 82% (671/818) | 86% some college | Cohort |
| Gaydos et al (2011; oral fluid arm)23 | USA, urban | Oral fluid based | 433 | 41·3% | GP (100%) | 38·5 years (12·7) | .. | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Gaydos et al (2011; blood-based arm)23 | USA, urban | Blood based | 45 | 42·2% | GP (100%) | 37·2 years (13·0) | .. | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Spielberg et al (2003)39 | USA, urban | Both | 340 | .. | PLHIV (100%) | .. | .. | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Gaydos et al (2013)24 | USA, urban | Oral fluid based | 467 | 40·4% | GP (100%) | 41 years | .. | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Kurth et al (2016)26 | Kenya, urban | Oral fluid based | 239 | 67·4% | GP (100%) | 35·9 years (9·7) | 90·7% (217/239) | 12·04 years of education (3·13) | Cross-sectional |
| Li et al (2016)28 | China, urban | Oral fluid based | 200 | 100% | KP (100%) | 29·6 years (8·66) | 10% (10/200) primary or less; 44·5% (89/200) secondary, 45·5% (91/200) tertiary education | Cross-sectional | |
| Nour et al (2012)33 | USA, urban | Oral fluid based | 249 | 42·2% | GP (100%) | 41 years | 0 (0/249)‡ | .. | Cross-sectional |
| Mavedzenge et al (2015; urban arm)31 | Zimbabwe, urban | Oral fluid based | 172 | 47·0% | GP (91·1%), PLHIV (8·9%) | 30 years (range 18–70) | 80% (138/172) | .. | Randomised controlled trial |
| Mavedzenge et al (2015; urban arm)31 | Zimbabwe, rural | Oral fluid based | 62 | 47·0% | GP (91·1%), PLHIV (8·9%) | 29 years (range 18–70) | 89% (55/62) | .. | Randomised controlled trial |
| Ng et al (2012)32 | Singapore, urban | Oral fluid based | 994 | 88·5% | GP (63·7%), PLHIV (20%), KP (6·3%) | 32·4 years (IQR 27·1–40·5) | .. | 32·8% (326/994) less than high school, 29·8% (296/994) high school, 37·4% (372/994) at least college | Cross-sectional |
| FDA phase 2b (2012; observed arm)4 | USA, urban | Oral fluid based | 1031 | 66·9% | GP (42·4%), PLHIV (51·3%) KP (6·3%) | .. | .. | 19·1% (197/1031) low literate; 45·6% (470/1031) high school or less | Cohort |
| FDA phase 3 (2012; unobserved arm)4 | USA, urban | Oral fluid based | 5662§ | 51·3% | GP (86·9%), KP (13·1%) | .. | .. | Low literate 28·0% (1624/5662); high school or less 54·9% (3113/5662) | Cohort |
| Directly assisted and unassisted studies | |||||||||
| de la Fuente et al (2012; directly assisted arm)21 | Spain, urban | Blood based | 208 | 58·2% | GP (63·8%), KP (36·2%) | .. | 39·9% (83/208) | 57·2% (119/208) at least university, 41·3% (86/208) less than university | Cross-sectional |
| de la Fuente et al (2012; unassisted arm)21 | Spain, urban | Blood based | 313 | 70·5% | GP (63·8%), KP (36·2%) | .. | 51·1% (160/313) | 48·5% (150/313) at least university, 51·5% (159/313) less than university | Cross-sectional |
Data are n, %, mean (SD), median (IQR), median, mean (range), or % (n/N). RDT=rapid diagnostic test. GP=general population. KP=key population (men who have sex with men, sex workers, people who inject drugs, transgender people, and people in prisons or closed settings). PLHIV=people living with HIV. VCT=voluntary counselling and testing. HCW=health-care worker.
*
Study was divided into two substudies: 264 participants performed the self-test, and 147 participants interpreted contrived pictures.
†
515 participants had all three results (both self-tests and dried blood home collection), 622 reported the oral fluid-based result, 565 reported the blood-based result, and 548 had the dried blood spot cards processed.
‡
In the previous 6 months.
§
163 participants had no self-test results.