Table 3.
Summarization of expressed enzymes/proteins involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis.
| Aspergillus species | Mycotoxin produced | Proteins/Enzymes identified | Development stage (time) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergillus flavus | Aflatoxin B1, B2 | Sabouraud dextrose media | AflR, AflN, Versicolorin B desaturase, Sterigmatocystin-8-O-methyltransferase, O methyl sterigmatocystin oxidoreductase, Norsolorinic acid reductase, Averufin oxidase A | Germ tube stage (7 h) | Pechanova et al., 2013; Tiwari et al., 2016 |
| Aflatoxin B1, B2 | Favorable substrate (corn flour) | AflR, Nonribosomal peptide synthetase 10, α and β- fatty acid synthase, Sterigmatocystin biosynthesis P450 monooxygenase, PksA, Noranthrone synthase, Noranthrone monooxygenase, Acetyl CoA synthatase, NOR reductase, P450 monoxygenase, Averantin hydrolase, oxidase, esterase, Desaturase, O methyltransferase A, alcohol dehydrogenase | Germ tube stage (7 h) | Tiwari and Shankar, 2018 | |
| Aflatoxin B1, B2 | Inhibitor (Quercetin) | Polyketide synthase AflC/ PksA/ PksL1, Fatty acid synthase subunit-α and β, oxidoreductase, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Non ribosomal peptid synthase | Germ tube stage (7 h) | Tiwari and Shankar, 2018 | |
| Aflatoxin B1, B2 | Potatoes dextrose media | O-methyltransferase A (omtA) and AflK/ vbs/ VERB synthase, ver-1, norA, ver-1, aflatoxin B1-aldehyde reductase GliO | Mycelia | Pechanova et al., 2013 | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Gliotoxin | Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with 5% Fetal calf serum | Glutathione S-transferase (GliG), Gliotoxin oxidoreductase (GliT) | Mycelia (Biofilm) | Bruns et al., 2010 |
| Gliotoxin | Provided with exogenous gliotoxin | Gliotoxin oxidoreductase (GliT), MFS transporter (GliA) | Hyphae | Owens et al., 2014 | |
| Gliotoxin | Hypoxia | O-methyltransferase (GliM) | Mycelia | Vodisch et al., 2011 | |
| Gliotoxin, Pseurotin A, Fumitremorgins and Fumagillin | Aspergillus minimal media, Czapek-Dox media | PgaK, FAD binding monoxygenase, Mitochondrial enoyl reductase, lysophospholipase 3, GliG, GliT, phytanol-CoA dioxygenase family protein, polyketide synthase, DltD N-terminal domain, O methyltransferase, steroid monooxygenase, phytanol CoA-dioxygenase, acttate CoA ligase, OrdA, α, β-hydrolase, hybrid PKS NRPS enzyme, SirN | Mycelia | ||
| Pseurotin A | Glucose minimal media | Methyltransferase (SirN) and AFUA_8G00550 protein | Conidia | Suh et al., 2012 | |
| Aspergillus niger | Fumonisins B2 and B4 | Czapek Yeast Autolysate agar with starch | Acetyl-CoA, NADPH | Mycelia | Sørensen et al., 2009 |
| Aspergillus terrus | Terretonin | Trt1 | Conidia | Thakur and Shankar, 2017a | |
| * Trt1, Trt3, Trt5, Trt6, Trt7, Trt9,Trt 14 | Germinating conidia stage | ||||
| Geodin | Atrochrysone carboxylic acid synthase, | Conidia | Thakur and Shankar, 2017a | ||
| * GedA, GedB, GedC, GedE,GedH, GedI, GedF, GedJ, GedK, GedL | Germinating conidia stage | ||||
*
Trt1, terpene cyclase, Trt3, FAD- binding monooxygenase; Trt5, Methyltransferase; Trt6, Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; Trt7, Dioxygenase; Trt9, Dehydrogenase; Trt14, isomerase.
*
GedA, O-methyltransferase; GedB, Atrochrysone carboxyl ACP thioesterase; GedC, Atrochrysone carboxylic acid synthase; GedE, Glutathione S-transferase-like protein; GedF, Monooxygenase; GedH; Anthrone oxygenase, GedI, Decarboxylase; GedJ, Dihydrogeodin oxidase; GedK, Questin oxidase; GedL, Sulochrin halogenase.