Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics and dietary intake of the participant based on weight status categories in Bangkok Metropolitan Regions from 2015 to 2016.
| Overweight/obese |
Non-obese |
p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 88 | n = 175 | |||||
| Child | ||||||
| Age (year) | Mean, SD | 11.3 | 0.6 | 11.4 | 0.6 | 0.162 |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Body weight (kg) | Mean, SD | 52.6 | 9.8 | 35.8 | 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | Mean, SD | 149.4 | 8.1 | 146.4 | 7.8 | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean, SD | 23.4 | 3.1 | 16.6 | 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| BMI z-score | Mean, SD | 1.9 | 0.7 | − 0.5 | 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity levela | 0.877 | |||||
| Least active | n, % | 14 | 25.5 | 28 | 22 | |
| Moderately active | n, % | 31 | 56.4 | 77 | 60.6 | |
| Highly active | n, % | 10 | 18.2 | 22 | 17.3 | |
| Screen timeb | 0.859 | |||||
| < 2 h/day | n, % | 15 | 26.8 | 37 | 29.1 | |
| > 2 h/day | n, % | 41 | 73.2 | 90 | 70.9 | |
| Sex | 0.034 | |||||
| Boys | n, % | 45 | 51.1 | 65 | 37.1 | |
| Girls | n, % | 43 | 48.9 | 110 | 62.9 | |
| Family background | ||||||
| Household composition | 0.375 | |||||
| Lives with both parents | n, % | 68 | 77.3 | 125 | 71.4 | |
| Lives either with parents or without parents | n, % | 20 | 22.7 | 50 | 28.6 | |
| Caregiver's educational levela | 0.774 | |||||
| ≤ Junior high school | n, % | 34 | 38.6 | 59 | 33.9 | |
| ≥ Junior high school | n, % | 53 | 60.2 | 113 | 64.9 | |
| Others | n, % | 1 | 1.1 | 2 | 1.1 | |
| Household income (baht/month) | 0.591 | |||||
| < 10,000 | n, % | 19 | 21.6 | 49 | 28.2 | |
| 10,000–20,000 | n, % | 33 | 37.5 | 67 | 38.5 | |
| 20,000–40,000 | n, % | 26 | 29.5 | 42 | 24.1 | |
| > 40,000 | n, % | 10 | 11.4 | 16 | 9.2 | |
| Accuracy of energy reporting | < 0.001 | |||||
| Under-reporters | n, % | 38 | 43.2 | 26 | 14.9 | |
| Plausible reporters | n, % | 50 | 56.8 | 148 | 84.6 | |
| Over-reporters | n, % | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | |
| rEI–BMR ratio | n, % | 1.06 | 0.28 | 1.33 | 0.32 | < 0.001 |
| Snack environmentc | ||||||
| Availability at home | n, % | 11 | 19.6 | 21 | 16.5 | 0.674 |
| Buys around home's neighborhood | n, % | 43 | 76.8 | 106 | 83.5 | 0.306 |
| Buys from school or shop/stalls around school | n, % | 31 | 55.4 | 63 | 49.6 | 0.523 |
| Nutrient intaked | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | Mean, SD | 1764.5 | 15.5 | 1510.0 | 10.7 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | Mean, SD | 235.1 | 3.3 | 205.3 | 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| %Energy from carbohydrate | Mean, SD | 53.2 | 0.6 | 54.4 | 0.4 | 0.145 |
| Protein (g) | Mean, SD | 64.9 | 1.1 | 54.7 | 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| %Energy from protein | Mean, SD | 14.8 | 0.2 | 14.5 | 0.2 | 0.327 |
| Fat (g) | Mean, SD | 63.1 | 1.1 | 52.5 | 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| %Energy from fat | Mean, SD | 32.1 | 0.5 | 31.3 | 0.4 | 0.209 |
| Saturated fat (g) | Mean, SD | 21.6 | 0.5 | 18.7 | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (g/kg body weight) | Mean, SD | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.025 |
| Animal protein (g/kg body weight) | Mean, SD | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.138 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | Mean, SD | 547.0 | 18.9 | 491.0 | 13.1 | 0.02 |
| Iron (mg/day) | Mean, SD | 8.57 | 0.22 | 7.39 | 0.15 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE/day)e | Mean, SD | 352.4 | 1.1 | 302.0 | 1.0 | 0.019 |
| Dietary fiber (mg/day) | Mean, SD | 6.33 | 0.26 | 5.39 | 0.18 | 0.005 |
Continuous and categorical variables were presented as mean with standard deviation and number with percentages, respectively. Continuous variables included the child's age, anthropometric variables, and rEI–BMR ratio; the rest were classified as categorical variables. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables, whereas Student's t-test was utilized for continuous variables. Bold values indicate statistical significance.
Physical activity level: assessed using two-item, self-report recall questionnaire on the frequency and duration of both moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity activities.
Screen time: time spent on TV and computer.
Snack environment: assessed using the multiple-choice question “where do you usually buy snack?”
Values were presented as mean with standard error after adjusting for rEI–BMR and sex (girls/boys).
Values were log-transformed prior to the analysis and values presented are back-transformed units.