Table 2.
Effects of the interventions on body composition, glucose metabolism, and inflammation.
| NGT/IGT/T2DM (n = 19) | NGT (n = 7) | IGT/T2DM (n = 12) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
| Age (yr) | 52 ± 2 | 50 ± 2 | 52 ± 2 | |||
| Weight (kg) | 85.4 ± 2.4 | 79.2 ± 2.6d | 85.9 ± 4.4 | 79.6 ± 3.7b | 85.1 ± 3.0 | 78.9 ± 3.6d |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.0 ± 0.7 | 29.9 ± 0.9d | 32.2 ± 1.5 | 29.9 ± 1.4b | 31.9 ± 0.9 | 29.9 ± 1.2b |
| Percent body fat | 45.6 ± 1.1 | 42.2 ± 1.5d | 46.1 ± 1.7 | 42.2 ± 2.1c | 45.4 ± 1.4 | 42.1 ± 2.1b |
| Fat mass (kg) | 38.7 ± 1.8 | 33.9 ± 2.1d | 39.5 ± 2.7 | 33.6 ± 2.8c | 38.3 ± 2.5 | 34.0 ± 3.0c |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 46.8 ± 1.8 | 44.9 ± 1.1 | 45.9 ± 2.2 | 45.4 ± 1.9 | 47.3 ± 2.6 | 44.7 ± 1.3 |
| VO2max (L/min) | 1.80 ± 0.07 | 1.92 ± 0.07c | 1.92 ± 0.09 | 1.91 ± 0.09 | 1.72 ± 0.09 | 1.92 ± 0.09c |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.4 ± 1.9 | 88.1 ± 2.1d | 92.8 ± 4.4 | 88.6 ± 4.1b | 93.7 ± 1.6 | 87.8 ± 2.5c |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 112.2 ± 1.5 | 105.7 ± 1.6d | 114.8 ± 2.3 | 106.8 ± 1.8 a | 110.5 ± 1.9 | 104.9 ± 2.5c |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 137.5 ± 11.6 | 110.0 ± 10.1d | 150.2 ± 22.9 | 121.8 ± 20.1a | 127.7 ± 10.9 | 100.9 ± 8.9c |
| Subcutaneous abdominal fat (cm2) | 472.8 ± 28.5 | 414.5 ± 31.2d | 457.3 ± 38.2 | 399.1 ± 40.4a | 484.9 ± 42.6 | 426.5 ± 47.4c |
| Sagittal diameter (cm) | 25.9 ± 0.7 | 24.8 ± 0.7d | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 23.7 ± 1.0a | 26.3 ± 0.9 | 24.6 ± 1.0c |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.2a | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.3 a |
| Glucose at 120 min (mmol/L) | 9.4 ± 0.7 | 7.9 ± 0.6b | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 11.1 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.6 a |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 93 ± 11 | 68 ± 8c | 76 ± 13 | 68 ± 11 | 107 ± 15 | 67 ± 11c |
| GAUC (mmol/L/120 min) | 1092 ± 58 | 941 ± 46d | 862 ± 25 | 779 ± 51 | 1231 ± 57 | 1037 ± 45d |
| IAUC (pmol/L/120 min) | 56,289 ± 6558 | 38,821 ± 4868c | 55,700 ± 9209 | 45,816 ± 8108a | 56,794 ± 9954 | 32,825 ± 5300a |
| Glucose utilization (μmol/kg/min) | 23.9 ± 3.3 | 28.9 ± 3.3a | 32.0 ± 4.6 | 37.5 ± 3.9a | 17.1 ± 2.9 | 21.4 ± 3.2 |
| Glucose utilization (μmol/kgFFM/min) | 43.3 ± 5.9 | 49.9 ± 5.5 | 57.9 ± 7.2 | 64.8 ± 6.2 | 30.8 ± 5.9 | 37.1 ± 5.2 |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 7.24 ± 1.11 | 7.10 ± 1.18 | 4.87 ± 1.26 | 4.40 ± 1.25 | 9.08 ± 1.49 | 9.10 ± 1.60 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 2.13 ± 0.85 | 2.08 ± 0.51 | 2.93 ± 1.92 | 1.91 ± 0.98 | 1.51 ± 0.36 | 2.21 ± 0.54 |
| TNFR1 (μg/mL) | 772.9 ± 45.1 | 724.3 ± 42.5 | 808.9 ± 84.7 | 675.6 ± 73.5 | 744.9 ± 48.5 | 762.1 ± 49.7 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.25 ± 0.31 | 2.09 ± 0.24 | 2.08 ± 0.30 | 2.01 ± 0.42 | 2.38 ± 0.52 | 2.15 ± 0.29 |
| IL-6sR (pg/mL) | 26,301 ± 2144 | 27,521 ± 2169 | 32,994 ± 3406 | 31,612 ± 4044 | 21,839 ± 1533 | 24,793 ± 2142 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 12.6 ± 2.4 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 19.6 ± 3.8 | 20.1 ± 5.0 | 8.34 ± 2.2 | 8.42 ± 2.1 |
| Leptin (pmol/L) | 26.0 ± 2.3 | 19.9 ± 2.1b | 23.7 ± 4.0 | 20.3 ± 3.5 | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 2.7d |
| SAA (μg/mL) | 55.4 ± 21.2 | 29.5 ± 4.6 | 43.1 ± 9.6 | 28.4 ± 7.9 | 64.7 ± 37.1 | 30.3 ± 5.9 |
Values are mean (SEM). Significantly different before and after the intervention: aP < .05, bP < .01, cP < 0.005, and dP < 0.001. VO2max: maximum oxygen uptake; GAUC: glucose area under the curve; IAUC: insulin area under the curve.