Table 1.
List of medicinal plants, experimental methods, and their biological effects on induced periodontitis.
| Plant species | Plant material | Route of administration | Animal used (gender) | Type of induction/time of analysis | Antibacterial effect1 | Bone loss/method2 | Anti-inflammatory activity3 | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia radis | Mixture of extracts (9 : 1 weight) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli endotoxin (LPS)/28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/µCT | Reduced the in vitro release of TNF-α from human monocytic cells and hGF cells | Almeida et al. [2] | ||
| Ocimum sanctum | Tulsi extract | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male and female) | Silk ligature/9 days | Not evaluated | Not reduced ABC/Stereo | Presented anti-inflammatory activity in a separate model (paw edema) | Hosadurga et al. [4] | ||
| Scutellaria baicalensis | Baicalin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/7 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Not evaluated | Cai et al. [6] | ||
| Rhizoma coptidis, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cortex phellodendri | Berberine | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/µCT | Not evaluated | Tu et al. [7] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo, Mentha piperita, Crataegus spp., Rosmarinus officinalis, Capsicum annuum, Achillea millefolium | LongoVital® | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male and female) | Injecting A. viscosus and P. gingivalis/63 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Radio | Not evaluated | Klausen et al. [8] | ||
| Mangifera indica | Mangiferin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/1, 4, 7 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Inhibited COX-2 expression, the rolling, and adhesion of leukocytes in the periodontal tissue | Carvalho et al. [9] | ||
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/30 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced the expression of TNF-α in gingival tissues | Zhou et al. [10] | ||
| Magnolia officinalis | Magnolol (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/9 days | In vitro activity against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitan | Reduced ABC/µCT | Inhibited neutrophil migration, MPO activity, and COX-2 and iNOS expression in gingival tissues | Lu et al. [11] | ||
| Rhizoma drynariae and Rehmannia glutinosa | Bu-Shen-Gu-Chi-Wan (JiuZhiTang Pharmaceutical) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (female) | Injecting P. gingivalis and ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Improved the mineral density of the bone/µCT | Reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontal tissues | Yang et al. [12] | ||
| Pinus pinaster | Pycnogenol® (Tradepia Co.) | Oral | Balb/c (male) | Injecting P. gingivalis/34 days | Antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Sugimoto et al. [13] | ||
| Vaccinium macrocarpon | Aqueous extract containing tannin and phenolic compounds | Oral | Mus musculus (female) | Injecting P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum/42 days | Antiadhesive properties against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Increased the phagocytosis of P. gingivalis | Not evaluated | Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α | Polak et al. [15] | ||
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus | Silk ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/Stereo | Exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a separate model (paw edema) | Hosadurga et al. [16] | ||
| Camellia sinensis | Extract containing catechin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS) and S. griseus (proteases)/56 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/histology | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of TNF-α in the periodontal lesion | Maruyama et al. [19] | ||
| Spatholobus suberectus | Aqueous extract | Oral | Mus musculus (male) | Injecting P. gingivalis/42 days | In vitro antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Toyama et al. [20] | ||
| Carapa guianensis | Andiroba oil | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/50 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/histology | Reduced the quantity of inflammatory cells in histology | Carmona et al. [21] | ||
| Protium heptaphyllum | α-Amyrin and β-amyrin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/1 day | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Reduced gingival TNF-α levels and MPO activity | Holanda Pinto et al. [22] | ||
| Camellia sinensis | Extract containing catechin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/7, 14, 28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α | Cho et al. [23] | ||
| Ipomoea alba | Mixture of dichloromethane and methanol extract | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/11 days | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. mutans, S. and E. faecalis | Did not reduce ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Barrella et al. [24] | ||
| Lippia sidoides and Myracroduon urundeuva | Mixture of leaf essential oil and hydroalcoholic solution from bark | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/11 days | Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced MPO activity and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production in gingival tissue | Botelho et al. [25] | ||
| Lippia sidoides | Carvacrol | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/11 days | Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue | Reduced ABC/AFM | Reduced MPO activity in gingival tissue | Botelho et al. [26] | ||
| Hypericum perforatum | Methanolic extract | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular permeability, expression of NF-κB and MPO activity in gingivomucosal tissue | Paterniti et al. [27] | ||
| Cordia verbenaea | Essential oil | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/11 days | Reduced in vivo frequency of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans | Reduced ABC/histology | Increment in the in vivo levels of IL-10 | Pimentel et al. [28] | ||
| Camellia sinensis | Extract containing catechin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 and 20 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration | Yoshinaga et al. [29] | ||
| Theobroma cacao | Cocoa extract containing flavonoids | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and neutrophil infiltration | Tomofuji et al. [30] | ||
| Mikania laevigata | Ethanol extract | Subcutaneous | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/30 days | Not evaluated | Reduced the furcation region/histology | Reduced neutrophil accumulation in the gingival tissue | Benatti et al. [31] | ||
| Pimpinella anisum, Illicium verum, Anethum foeniculum | Anethole | Intraperitoneal | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 days | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Reduced serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α | Moradi et al. [32] | ||
| Curcuma spp. | Modified curcumin | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/14 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo, and µCT | Reduced serum level of IL-1β | Elburki et al. [33] | ||
| Syringa vulgaris | Product of fermentation | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Reduced NF-κB and iNOS expression, MPO activity, and other inflammatory parameters in gingivomucosal tissue | Paola et al. [34] | ||
| Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgo biloba extract | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/11 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Not evaluated | Sezer et al. [35] | ||
| Curcuma spp. | Curcumin | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/15 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/µCT | Reduced the inflammatory cell infiltrate to gingival tissue | Guimarães et al. [36] | ||
1 Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. 2ABC: alveolar bone crest, µCT: microcomputed tomography, AFM: atomic force microscopy, Stereo: stereomicroscopy, Radio: radiography. 3TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α, hGF: hepatocyte growth factor, MPO: myeloperoxidase activity, IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta, IL-10: interleukin-10, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-β, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, and iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase.