Table 2.

Outlining genetic and epitope similarities between MAP and host cells and their relationship autoimmune conditions.

Gene affected	Function	Disease state	Reference
NOD2 mutation	Recognition of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans, activating the nuclear factor immune pathway, in the direct killing of intracellular organisms	Johne’s Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease	Kuenstner et al., 2015 Zamani et al., 2017 Girardin et al., 2003
SLC11A1 gene	Codes for a membrane protein of monocytes and macrophages, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), heat shock protein (HSP) 60 HSP60	Type 1 diabetes Epitope homology between MAP and human heat shock proteins and pancreatic GAD may trigger anti-GAD antibodies that secondarily destroy the pancreas RA and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Cross reactivity with mycobacterial HS65	Paccagnini et al., 2009 Dow and Sechi, 2011 Dow, 2012 Yang et al., 2000
β-cell antigen zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)	Zinc transporter present on cell membranes of the pancreas which displays similarities to a MAP protein MAP3865c Present on follicular and para-follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland	Type 1 diabetes Cross reactivity with MAP3865c Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Cross reactivity with MAP3865c	Masala et al., 2011 Sechi and Dow, 2015 D’Amore et al., 2010
CNS myelin-derived myelin basic protein (MBP)	Nerve cell myelination	Multiple sclerosis Autism	Dow, 2012 Cossu et al., 2011 Mameli et al., 2014
Neuron-axon filament proteins (NAFP)	Component of the neuronal cytoskeleton	Molecular mimicry between MBP, NAFP and MAP epitopes	Cusco et al., 2017 Singh, 2001
IS900 gene	Encodes for p43 insertion sequence	Detection in patients presenting with disease states. Detection in contaminated water samples	Gill et al., 2011