Fig. 1.

a Operating room arrangement. b After the epiduroscope is positioned at a suitable site with a C-arm, laser vaporization is performed under high-definition video monitoring. c Local anesthesia is applied to the skin and tissues surrounding the sacral hiatus (arrow). d A tapered cannula is inserted into the epidural space for epiduroscopy (arrow). e Schematic illustration of epiduroscopic ruptures according to the type of cyst. f Anterior-posterior X-ray image distinguishes the location of the lesions. g The lateral radiograph shows the epiduroscopic location, differentiating between ventral and dorsal positions