FIGURE 4.

Effect of moderate exercise training on protein expression, mRNA expression, and complex IV activity. Representative blots of SIRT1, PGC1α, AMPKα, and phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) are shown (A,B). The protein levels in gastrocnemius muscles are presented mean ± SEM (n = 5–7/group). Nrf1, Tfam, and mitochondrial complexes I–V mRNA expression levels in gastrocnemius muscles are expressed as mean ratio to control after normalization with 18S mRNA levels. Fold differences were calculated using the ΔΔCt method. Values presented are mean ± SEM (C,D, n = 6–8/group, each in triplicate). Cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) activity in gastrocnemius muscle (E, n = 6/group). Significance (P < 0.05) among groups is denoted by different letters. ^∗P < 0.05 vs. db/db.