Table 1.
Demographics and clinical information.
| No Training first |
Training first |
p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 12) |
(N = 16) |
||||||
| Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | ||
| Age at diagnosis (y) | 6.33 | 1.56 | 2.92–8.08 | 5.61 | 2.61 | 1.92–9.33 | 0.35 |
| Age at 1st baseline (y) | 12 | 3 | 8.08–16.92 | 11.19 | 2.98 | 7.67–16.92 | 0.36 |
| Time from diagnosis to baseline (y) | 5.88 | 3.41 | 1.50–10.42 | 5.53 | 2.38 | 1.08–8.58 | 0.77 |
| Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (2nd Edition) at baseline | |||||||
| Body coordination T score | 35.08 | 10.08 | 27.94 | 9.22 | 0.07 | ||
| Strength and agility T score | 33.5 | 7.26 | 28.69 | 9.46 | 0.15 | ||
| 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)d | 0.12 | ||||||
| Period 1 – baseline | −47 | 63 | 37 | 96 | |||
| Period 2 – baseline | −29 | 73 | 16 | 72 | |||
| Most recent intellectual exam at baselineb | |||||||
| FSIQ (SS) | 84.16 | 21.98 | 83.38 | 21.26 | 0.92 | ||
| N | % | N | % | ||||
| Sex (male) | 7 | 58.3 | 9 | 56.3 | 0.63 | ||
| Handedness (right) | 10 | 15 | 0.53 | ||||
| Most recent neurological exam at baselinea | |||||||
| Cerebellar signs (ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia) | 66.7 | 50.0 | 0.37 | ||||
| Hemiparesis | 16.7 | 12.5 | 0.75 | ||||
| Cranial nerve deficit | 0 | 12.5 | 0.2 | ||||
| Nystagmus | 0 | 25.0 | 0.06 | ||||
| Scanner type (3 T) | 7 | 11 | |||||
| Tumor type | 0.5 | ||||||
| Anaplastic astrocytoma | 0 | 1 | |||||
| Ependymoma | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Anaplastic ependymoma | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Medulloblastoma | 8 | 8 | |||||
| Pineoblastoma | 0 | 1 | |||||
| Sarcoma | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Germ cell | 0 | 2 | |||||
| Astroblastoma | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Tumor location | 0.38 | ||||||
| Supratentorial | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Subtentorial | 10 | 14 | |||||
| Gross total resection | 5 | 7 | 0.68 | ||||
| Number of surgeries | 0.21 | ||||||
| 1 surgery | 7 | 10 | |||||
| 2 surgeries | 4 | 4 | |||||
| 3 surgeries | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Radiation type | 0.32 | ||||||
| Focal (5400–5940 Gy) | 4 | 5 | |||||
| Craniospinal (2340–3600 Gy) + Boost (1800–3240 Gy) | 8 | 10 | |||||
| Periventricular (2100–3000 cGy) | 0 | 1 | |||||
| Chemotherapy | |||||||
| None | 3 | 1 | |||||
| ACNS-0121 (carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide) | 0 | 6 | |||||
| A9961 (vincristine, lomustine, cisplatin) | 2 | 2 | |||||
| COG9631 (etoposide, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) | 1 | 0 | |||||
| COG99703 (thiotepa, carboplatin) | 0 | 1 | |||||
| ICE (carboplatin, ifosfamide, etoposide) | 1 | 0 | |||||
| SJMB96 & SJMB03 (vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide) | 5 | 5 | |||||
| CARE (carboplatin, etoposide) | 0 | 1 | |||||
| Hydrocephalus at diagnosis | 0.8 | ||||||
| No hydrocephalus | 3 | 5 | |||||
| Hydrocephalus with no treatment | 4 | 6 | |||||
| Hydrocephalus requiring CSF diversion | 5 | 5 | |||||
| Mutism following surgeryc | 3 | 4 | |||||
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; y, year(s).
Neurological exam conducted within a mean of 3.5 months (SD = 3.5 mo) prior to baseline.
Intellectual Exam using Wechsler Scales conducted within a mean of 17 months (SD = 10.9 mo) prior to baseline. Data were unavailable for 3 participants.
Patients were classified as having mutism if they had diminished speech output, linguistic difficulties, or dysarthria following surgery. Mutism is a transient dysfunction and had resolved in all participants by the time of baseline assessment.
On the 6MWT, higher scores indicated higher functioning. Each participant was asked to walk as far as possible down a 25 m hallway, without running, for 6 min, and distance was recorded in meters. Linear mixed modeling revealed a significant training effect for the 6MWT, p < 0.01.