TABLE 1.
Behavioral categories, abbreviations, and definitions
| Behavior | Abbreviation | Brief Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Species-typical behaviors | Passive visual | VIS | Animal is standing or sitting motionless with eyes open |
| Locomotion | LOC | At least two directed steps in the horizontal and/or vertical plane | |
| Self-groom | GRM | Picking, scraping, spreading, or licking of an animal’s own hair | |
| Tactile/oral exploration | TAC | Any tactile or oral manipulation of the cage or environment | |
| Scratch | SCR | Vigorous strokes of the hair with fingers or toenails | |
| Stereotypy | STY | Any repetitive, ritualized pattern of behavior that serves no obvious function | |
| Forage | FOR | Sweeping and/or picking through wood chip substrate | |
| Vocalization | VOC | Species-typical sounds emitted by monkey (not differentiated into different types) | |
| Threat/aggress | THR | Multifaceted display involving one or more of the following: open mouth stare with teeth partially exposed, eyebrows lifted, ears flattened or flapping, rigid body posture, piloerection, attack (e.g., biting, slapping) of inanimate object or other monkey | |
| Yawn | YWN | To open mouth wide and expose teeth | |
| Body spasm | BSP | An involuntary twitch or shudder of the entire body; also “wet dog” shake | |
| Present | PRE | Posture involving presentation of rump, belly, flank, and/or neck to observer or other monkey | |
| Drink | DRI | Mouth contact to fluid delivery sippers | |
| Nose rub | NRU | Excessive wiping of nose with hand or arm | |
| Fear grimace | FGR | Grin-like facial expression involving the retraction of the lips exposing clenched teeth; may be accompanied by flattened ears, stiff, huddled body posture, screech/chattering vocalizations | |
| Lip smack | LIP | Pursing the lips and moving them together to produce a smacking sound, often accompanied by moaning | |
| Lip droop | LDR | Bottom lip drooping, showing bottom teeth | |
| Cage shake | CSH | Any vigorous shaking of the cage that may or may not make noise | |
| Observable ataxia | ATX | Any slip, trip, fall, loss of balance | |
| Sedation measures | Rest/sleep posturea | RSP | Idiosyncratic posture adopted by monkeys during rest or sleep, easily roused; eyes closed <3 s after stimulus |
| Moderate sedationa | MSE | Atypical loose-limbed posture (e.g., propped on the cage by the body or a limb), eyes closed, delayed response to external stimuli (>3 s) | |
| Deep sedationa | DSE | Atypical loose-limbed posture, eyes closed, does not respond to external stimuli |
a
The American Society of Anesthesiologists (2002) equivalents to the monkey levels of sedation are: Rest/sleep posture ≈ “anxiolysis” (calm, patient shows no impairment in ability to respond to verbal or tactile stimulation), moderate sedation ≈ “conscious sedation” (a depression of consciousness, but the patient maintains the ability to respond to verbal or tactile stimulation), and deep sedation ≈ “deep sedation” (patient not easily aroused by verbal stimuli and has only a limited response to tactile stimulation).