Fig. 1.
The currently approved and available IBD therapies include: four anti-TNF agents, namely infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, and two anti-integrin agents, natalizumab and vedolizumab. Ustekinumab and MEDI2070 are human monoclonal IgG antibodies that block the receptor of the p40 subunit of the IL-12/23 complex on leukocytes. Etrolizumab is an anti-β7 monoclonal antibody, and tofacitinib is a JAK inhibitor in the JAK/STAT pathway. MAdCAM is a gastrointestinal addressin that binds α4β7 integrins on leukocytes in the leukocyte recruitment process. DC = Dendritic cell; M = microfold cell; TREG cell = regulatory T cells. Reproduced with permission from Danese et al. [83].