Table 7.
Age-sex-adjusted correlates of WASH access among people with disabilities
| Same sanitation facility as other household members | Access without contact with faeces | Collect water for themselves | |||||||
| No n (%) |
Yes n (%) |
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | No n (%) |
Yes n (%) |
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | No n (%) |
Yes n (%) |
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Cameroon (n=412) | |||||||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| 5–17 | 18 (45.0) | 93 (25.0) | Ref. | 24 (40.7) | 87 (24.7) | Ref. | 26 (20.2) | 85 (30.0) | Ref. |
| 18–49 | 5 (12.5) | 81 (21.8) | 2.8 (1.0 to 8.0) | 11 (18.6) | 75 (21.3) | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.0) | 19 (14.7) | 67 (23.7) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) |
| 50+ | 17 (42.5) | 198 (53.2) | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.3) | 24 (40.7) | 191 (54.1) | 2.1 (1.2 to 4.0)* | 84 (65.1) | 131 (46.3) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.7)* |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 24 (60.0) | 150 (40.3) | Ref. | 29 (49.2) | 145 (41.1) | Ref. | 70 (54.3) | 104 (36.8) | Ref. |
| Female | 16 (40.0) | 222 (59.7) | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) | 30 (50.9) | 208 (58.9) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | 59 (45.7) | 179 (63.3) | 2.1 (1.4 to 3.3)* |
| Type | |||||||||
| Multiple | 23 (57.5) | 126 (33.9) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.3) | 29 (49.2) | 120 (34.0) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | 62 (48.1) | 87 (30.7) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.1) |
| Hearing | 2 (5.0) | 49 (13.2) | 2.3 (0.5 to 10.9) | 5 (8.5) | 46 (13.0) | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.3) | 13 (10.1) | 38 (13.4) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.5) |
| Seeing | 2 (5.0) | 49 (13.2) | 2.9 (0.6 to 13.8) | 3 (5.1) | 48 (13.6) | 3.2 (0.9 to 11.3) | 12 (9.3) | 39 (13.8) | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.0) |
| Intellectual | 0 (0.0) | 27 (7.3) | – | 0 (0.0) | 27 (7.7) | – | 2 (1.6) | 25 (8.8) | 4.5 (1.0 to 20.7) |
| Physical | 13 (32.5) | 121 (32.5) | Ref. | 22 (37.3) | 112 (31.7) | Ref. | 40 (31.0) | 94 (33.2) | Ref. |
| Severity | |||||||||
| Moderate | 19 (47.5) | 324 (87.1) | Ref. | 32 (54.2) | 311 (88.1) | Ref. | 89 (69.0) | 254 (89.8) | Ref. |
| Severe | 21 (52.5) | 48 (12.9) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.3)* | 27 (45.8) | 42 (11.9) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)* | 40 (31.0) | 29 (10.3) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)* |
| India (n=508) | |||||||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| 5–17 | 9 (36.0) | 58 (12.0) | Ref. | 28 (13.0) | 39 (13.3) | Ref. | 18 (15.4) | 49 (12.5) | Ref. |
| 18–49 | 11 (44.0) | 166 (34.4) | 2.4 (0.9 to 6.0) | 75 (34.9) | 102 (34.8) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 27 (23.1) | 150 (38.4) | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) |
| 50+ | 5 (20.0) | 259 (53.6) | 8.2 (2.6 to 25.4)* | 112 (52.1) | 152 (51.9) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 72 (61.5) | 192 (49.1) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.8) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 10 (40.0) | 231 (47.8) | Ref. | 98 (45.6) | 143 (48.8) | Ref. | 58 (49.6) | 183 (46.8) | Ref. |
| Female | 15 (60.0) | 252 (52.2) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) | 117 (54.4) | 150 (51.2) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 59 (50.4) | 208 (53.2) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) |
| Type | |||||||||
| Multiple | 13 (52.0) | 186 (38.5) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.0) | 91 (42.3) | 108 (36.9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 57 (48.7) | 142 (36.3) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) |
| Hearing | 1 (4.0) | 78 (16.2) | 5.4 (0.7 to 42.7) | 26 (12.1) | 53 (18.1) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.5) | 14 (12.0) | 65 (16.6) | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.6)* |
| Seeing | 0 (0.0) | 76 (15.7) | – | 35 (16.3) | 41 (14.0) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 9 (7.7) | 67 (17.1) | 3.4 (1.5 to 7.6)* |
| Intellectual | 1 (4.0) | 16 (3.3) | 0.8 (0.1 to 7.7) | 7 (3.3) | 10 (3.4) | 2.1 (0.4 to 11.0) | 4 (3.4) | 13 (3.3) | 0.9 (0.2 to 5.0) |
| Physical | 10 (40.0) | 127 (26.3) | Ref. | 56 (26.1) | 81 (27.7) | Ref. | 33 (28.2) | 104 (26.6) | Ref. |
| Severity | |||||||||
| Moderate | 17 (68.0) | 364 (75.4) | Ref. | 150 (69.8) | 231 (78.8) | Ref. | 94 (80.4) | 287 (73.4) | Ref. |
| Severe | 8 (32.0) | 119 (24.6) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | 65 (30.2) | 62 (21.2) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9)* | 23 (19.7) | 104 (26.6) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.3) |
| Malawi (n=215) | |||||||||
| Age group | |||||||||
| 2–17 | 6 (50.0) | 40 (19.9) | Ref. | 10 (34.5) | 35 (19.1) | Ref. | 14 (14.0) | 33 (29.0) | Ref. |
| 18–49 | 5 (41.7) | 49 (24.4) | 1.5 (0.4 to 5.2) | 2 (6.9) | 52 (28.4) | 7.4 (1.5 to 36.1)* | 20 (20.0) | 34 (29.8) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.7) |
| 50+ | 1 (8.3) | 112 (55.7) | 18.2 (2.1 to 157.6)* | 17 (58.6) | 96 (52.5) | 1.6 (0.6 to 3.8) | 66 (66.0) | 47 (41.2) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6)* |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 5 (41.7) | 96 (47.8) | Ref. | 15 (51.7) | 86 (47.0) | Ref. | 52 (50.0) | 49 (43.0) | Ref. |
| Female | 7 (58.3) | 105 (52.4) | 0.6 (0.2 to 2.0) | 14 (48.3) | 97 (53.0) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) | 48 (48.0) | 65 (57.0) | 1.7 (1.0 to 3.1) |
| Type | |||||||||
| Multiple | 6 (50.0) | 67 (35.1) | Ref. | 16 (55.2) | 56 (32.4) | Ref. | 43 (44.8) | 30 (27.8) | Ref. |
| Hearing | 2 (16.7) | 25 (13.1) | 1.9 (0.3 to 11.0) | 1 (3.5) | 26 (15.0) | 9.7 (1.1 to 82.1)* | 6 (6.3) | 21 (19.4) | 5.0 (1.7 to 14.8)* |
| Seeing | 0 | 42 (22.0) | – | 2 (6.9) | 40 (23.1) | 6.4 (1.4 to 30.4)* | 19 (19.8) | 23 (21.3) | 2.0 (0.9 to 4.6) |
| Intellectual | 1 (8.3) | 13 (6.8) | 2.6 (0.3 to 25.4) | 3 (10.3) | 11 (6.4) | 1.5 (0.3 to 7.1) | 3 (3.1) | 11 (10.2) | 4.2 (1.0 to 17.4) |
| Physical | 3 (25.0) | 44 (23.0) | 1.1 (0.2 to 5.1) | 7 (24.1) | 40 (23.1) | 1.5 (0.6 to 4.2) | 25 (26.0) | 23 (21.3) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.2) |
| Severity | |||||||||
| Moderate | 7 (58.3) | 152 (79.6) | Ref. | 14 (48.3) | 145 (83.8) | Ref. | 62 (64.6) | 97 (89.8) | Ref. |
| Severe | 5 (41.7) | 39 (20.4) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.4) | 15 (51.7) | 28 (16.2) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)* | 34 (35.4) | 11 (10.2) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)* |
*Statistical significance at the 95% confidence level.
WASH, water, sanitation and hygiene.