Table 5.
Music intervention content and interventionist professional background
| Music Experience Intervention Components (Definition) (Total Interventions n=201)a |
(n) Valid % | Interventionist Professional Background | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not Specified | Credentialed Music Therapist | Registered Nurse | Otherb | ||
|
| |||||
| Single Component Interventions (n=136) | |||||
|
| |||||
|
Listening Participants listen to live or recorded music. |
(104) 76%b | (75) 72% | (14)13% | (12) 12% | (4) 4% |
| Live Music | (13) 12% | (5) 38% | (6) 46% | – | (2) 15% |
| Recorded Music | (91) 88%b | (70) 77% | (8) 9% | (12) 13% | (2) 2% |
|
| |||||
|
Music-Assisted Relaxation Music used to structure relaxation exercises (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic). |
(7) 5% | (5) 71% | (2) 29% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Re-Creating Music by Singing/Playing Instruments Participants sing and/or play pre-composed songs/music. |
(3) 2% | (1) 33% | (1) 33% | (1) 33% | |
|
| |||||
|
Improvisation Participants or interventionist creates music in the moment. |
(3) 2% | – | (3) 100% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Lyric Analysis Participants discuss meaning of song lyrics. |
(4) 3% | – | (3)75% | – | (1) 25% |
|
| |||||
|
Songwriting Participants engage in lyric writing and/or musical composition. |
(3) 2% | (1) 33% | (2) 67% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Imagery Music used to support or facilitate visual imagery. |
(1) <1% | (1) 100% | |||
|
| |||||
|
Movement Music used to structure, facilitate, or encourage movement. |
(2) 1% | (1) 50% | (1) 50% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Breathing Entrainment Rhythmic/temporal qualities of music structure rate of breathing; synchronization between breathing/rate of music. |
(1) <1% | (1) 100% | – | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Instrument/Vocal Play Play that combines non-music play materials with singing and/or playing instruments (e.g., children’s finger puppet action songs) |
(1) <1% | – | (1) 100% | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Other | |||||
|
| |||||
| Music Recreation | (3) 2% | – | (3) 100% | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Pacifier Activated Lullaby/Music | (2) 1% | (1) 50% | (1) 50% | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Therapeutic Singing | (1) <1% | (1) 100% | – | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy | (1) <1% | – | (1) 100% | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Multiple Component Interventions (n=65) | |||||
|
| |||||
|
Re-Creating Music by Singing/Playing Instruments Participants sing and/or play pre-composed songs/music. |
(38) 58%b | (11) 29% | (24) 63% | (1) 3% | (4) 11% |
|
| |||||
|
Listening Participants listen to live or recorded music. |
(35) 54%b | (12) 34% | (21) 60% | (2) 6% | (2) 6% |
|
| |||||
|
Improvisation Participants or interventionist creates music in the moment. |
(23) 35% | (5) 22% | (18) 78% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Movement Music used to structure, facilitate, or encourage movement. |
(21) 32%b | (7) 33% | (12) 57% | (1) 5% | (3) 14% |
|
| |||||
|
Music-Assisted Relaxation Music used to structure relaxation exercises (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic). |
(16) 25%b | (2)13% | (12) 75% | – | (3) 19% |
|
| |||||
|
Imagery Music used to support or facilitate visual imagery. |
(13) 20% | (3) 23% | (8) 61% | (1) 8% | (1) 8% |
|
| |||||
|
Instrument/Vocal Play Play that combines non-music play materials with singing and/or playing instruments (e.g., children’s finger puppet action songs) |
(12) 18% | (6) 50% | (6) 50% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Songwriting Participants engage in lyric writing and/or musical composition. |
(12) 18% | (1) 8% | (11) 92% | – | – |
|
| |||||
|
Lyric Analysis Participants discuss meaning of song lyrics. |
(8) 12% | (1) 12% | (6) 76% | – | (1) 12% |
|
| |||||
|
Breathing Entrainment Rhythmic/temporal qualities of music structure rate of breathing; synchronization between breathing/rate of music. |
(7) 11% | (1) 14% | (6) 86% | – | – |
|
| |||||
| Other | |||||
|
| |||||
| Music Reminiscence or Life Review | (7) 11% | (3) 43% | (4) 57% | ||
|
| |||||
| Vocal Breathing Exercises, Therapeutic Singing, or Singing Instruction | (5) 8% | (2) 40% | (2) 40% | (1) 20% | |
|
| |||||
| Song Recording or Music Video Creation | (3) 5% | (3) 100% | |||
|
| |||||
| Music Attention Control Training | (2) 3%b | (2) 100% | (1) 50% | ||
|
| |||||
| Music Assisted Counseling | (1) 2% | (1) 100% | |||
|
| |||||
| Vibroacoustic Stimulation | (1) 2% | (1) 100% | |||
|
| |||||
| Music Recreation | (1) 2% | (1) 100% | |||
a
Several studies had more than one music intervention arm, resulting in 201 interventions.
†
This intervention component was delivered by more than one interventionist from different professional backgrounds.