Table 1. Baseline characteristics and hospital outcomes of the study population.
| All patients (n = 1742) | No AKI (n = 1480) | AKI with Recovery (n = 111) | AKI without Recovery (n = 151) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 68 (17) | 67 (17) | 69 (15) | 75 (14) |
| Male sex | 901 (52%) | 768 (52%) | 60 (54%) | 73 (48%) |
| White race | 1411 (81%) | 1193 (81%) | 86 (77%) | 132 (87%) |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.7 (2.0) | 2.2 (2.3) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 32 (2%) | 14 (1%) | 6 (5%) | 12 (8%) |
| Cardiac disease* | 441 (25%) | 360 (24%) | 27 (30%) | 54 (36%) |
| Lung disease | 675 (39%) | 586 (40%) | 42 (38%) | 47 (31%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 339 (19%) | 274 (19%) | 25 (23%) | 40 (26%) |
| Baseline SCr, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 0.90 (0.25) | 0.89 (0.20) | 1.01 (0.64) | 0.90 (0.15) |
| Baseline eGFR, mean (SD) | 85 (21) | 86 (22) | 78 (17) | 78 (10) |
| APACHE III score on day 1, mean (SD) | 39 (13) | 38 (12) | 50 (14) | 46 (14) |
| Non-renal daily SOFA score, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.3) | 2.5 (2.1) | 2.1 (1.6) |
| Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) on day 1, mean (SD) | 97 (36) | 93 (34) | 118 (37) | 123 (31) |
| AKI on day 1* | 354 (20%) | 173 (12%) | 56 (52%) | 125 (83%) |
| Severity of AKI | ||||
| No AKI | 1189 (68%) | 1189 (80%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Stage 1 | 291 (18%) | 291 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Stage 2 | 124 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 38 (34%) | 86 (57%) |
| Stage 3 | 138 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 73 (66%) | 65 (43%) |
| Required ICU admission | 233 (13%) | 109 (7%) | 79 (71%) | 45 (30%) |
| Hospital length of stay in days, median (IQR) | 7 (4–8) | 5 (4–8) | 11 (7–17) | 7 (5–11) |
| Developed severe sepsis | 483 (28%) | 329 (22%) | 75 (68%) | 79 (52%) |
| In-hospital RRT | 15 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) | 12 (8%) |
* Not all patients had information about baseline cardiac disease and presence of AKI on day 1
AKI: acute kidney injury; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; SCr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; APACHE III: acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation III; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; ICU: intensive care unit; RRT: renal replacement therapy