Table 1.

Re-coding of error categories.

Initial error coding: Manchester classification	Description	Re-coded Dell classification
Correct	Correct response	Correct
Dysfluency	The correct initial phonemes of the word are produced followed by a correct production of the target word
Not-a-correct	Correct responses including an indication that the subject believes that the response was incorrect or was unsure of accuracy, or the response was posed as a question
Semantic error	A real word that was semantically related but not phonologically related to the target	Semantic
Formal error	A real word that was phonologically related to the target by the phonemic definition, but not semantically related to the target	Formal
Mixed error	A semantically and phonologically related real word, but not morphologically related	Mixed
Unrelated error	A real word that was neither semantically or phonologically related to the target	Unrelated
Phonemic error	A non-word with the correct first or last phoneme or at least two other phonemes in their correct position, or at least 30% correct phonemes in any position	Non-word
Neologism	A non-word that was phonologically unrelated to the target by the phonemic definition
Perseveration	Repetition of a previous response	Coded in relation to target
Circumlocution	A description of the target alone, without an attempt to produce the name	Omission
Omission	No attempt to produce the target
Initial error	Only the initial phoneme of the word is produced
Visual error	Incorrect visual identification of the target
Other errors	Could not be classified or does not fit into any of the other categories
Not-a-incorrect	Incorrect responses including an indication that the subject believes that the response was incorrect or was unsure of accuracy, or the response was posed as a question	Not re-coded