Table 4.

Summary of toxicity effects of ILs towards whole-cell biocatalysts (MNTC - maximum non-toxic concentration)

IL	Effect	Ref.
Escherichia coli
[C2MIM][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at concentrations >200 mM (some mutations increased tolerance); imposed no effect at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011; Frederix et al. 2014, 2016)
[C2MIM]X X = [Br], [C2SO4], [C1(OC2)3SO4], [Tos]	Imposed no significant effect at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C2MIM][BF4]	Inhibited cell growth at >500 mg*L−1 in solid culture or at >4000 mg*L−1 in suspension culture; 8-h EC50 30,000-40,000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C2MIM][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at concentrations >150 mM (some mutations increased tolerance)	(Frederix et al. 2016)
[C2MIM][C1SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at >100 mg*L−1 in solid culture or at >1000 mg*L−1 in suspension culture; 8-h EC50 2000-3000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C2MIM]X X = [C8SO4], [Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C2MIM][OTf]	8-h EC50 10,000-30,000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	Inhibited cell growth at 0.25-40% (v/v)	(Cornmell et al. 2008; Wood et al. 2011)
[C2MIM][Doc]	Imposed some effect at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4MIM]X X = [Cl], [C1SO4]	Imposed no effect at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4MIM]X X = [I], [OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4MIM]X X = [Br], [C2SO4], [C3SO4], [i-C3SO4], [i-C4SO4], [C1OC2SO4], [C2OC2SO4], [Lac], [Doc]	Imposed some effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4MIM][BF4]	8-h EC50 8500-9500 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C4MIM][PF6]	According to some reports, 20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 4-5 h; according to one report, 9% (v/v) inhibited cell growth in 4 h; membrane integrity decreased moderately after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v); 8-h EC50 3500-4500 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005; Pfruender et al. 2006; Bräutigam et al. 2007; Baum et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	According to one report, 20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 5 h; according to other reports, inhibited cell growth at 0.25-40% (v/v); membrane integrity decreased significantly after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v); 8-h EC50 100-200 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005; Pfruender et al. 2006; Bräutigam et al. 2007; Cornmell et al. 2008; Wood et al. 2011; Baum et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][(C2F5)3PF3]	Membrane integrity decreased dramatically after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v)	(Bräutigam et al. 2007)
[C6MIM]X X = [Cl], [Br], [I], [Sacch]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C6MIM][PF6]	Membrane integrity decreased moderately after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v); inhibited cell growth at >5000 mg*L−1 in solid culture or at >2000 mg*L−1 in suspension culture; 8-h EC50 50-1050 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005; Bräutigam et al. 2007)
[C6MIM][SbF6]	8-h EC50 50-1050 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C6MIM][NTf2]	Membrane integrity decreased significantly after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v); 8-h EC50 100-200 mg*L−1; inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lee et al. 2005; Bräutigam et al. 2007; Wood et al. 2011)
X[Doc] X = [C6MIM], [CnMPy] (n = 4, 6)	Imposed some effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
X[Cl] X = [C8MIM], [(C8)3C1N]	Inhibited cell growth at 0.25-40% (v/v)	(Cornmell et al. 2008; Wood et al. 2011)
[C8MIM]X X = [Br], [I], [NTf2], [Sacch]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C8MIM][PF6]	8-h EC50 100-200 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C8MIM][C1SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at >200 mg*L−1 in solid culture or at >50 mg*L−1 in suspension culture; 8-h EC50 1000-2000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C10MIM][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[PPMIM][SbF6]	8-h EC50 1000-5000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[PPMIM][OTf]	8-h EC50 1000 mg*L−1	(Lee et al. 2005)
[C4MPy][i-(C8)2PO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C10Py][NTf2]	Inhibited cell growth at 0.25-40% (v/v)	(Cornmell et al. 2008)
[C4MPyr]X X = [Cl], [C1SO4], [(C1)2PO4]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
X[Br] X = [C4MPyr], [C4MPip]	Imposed some effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4MPyr]X X = [NTf2], [(C2F5)3PF3]	Membrane integrity decreased significantly after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v)	(Bräutigam et al. 2007)
[C4MPyr]X X = [Lac], [Doc]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C6MPyr][Br]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C6MPyr][NTf2]	Membrane integrity decreased significantly after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v)	(Bräutigam et al. 2007)
[C6MPip]X X = [Br], [C1SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C8MPip]X X = [Br], [OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
X[NTf2] X = [(C1OC3)C1Pip], [(HOC2)2C12C1N]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4(C1)3N][(C1)2PO4]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
X[Br] X = [C4C2(C1)2N], [(HOC3)C2(C1)2N]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C4C2(C1)2N]X  X = [CnSO4] (n = 2, 4)	Imposed some effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C8C2(C1)2N][C2SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C8C4(C1)2N]X X = [Br], [I], [NTf2], [Sacch], [i-(C8)2PO4], [Lin]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C10C4(C1)2N][NTf2]	Imposed some effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(C8)2(C1)2N]X X = [C1SO4], [C2SO4], [C6SO4], [Tos]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(C8)3C1N]X X = [Br], [Sacch], [i-(C8)2PO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(C8)3C1N][NTf2]	Biocompatible, according to some reports (20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 5 h); according to one report, 9% (v/v) inhibited cell growth in 4 h	(Pfruender et al. 2006; Cornmell et al. 2008; Wood et al. 2011; Gao et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[Chol]X  X = [C2COO], [C5COO]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(HOC2)C2(C1)2N][C2SO4]	Imposed no effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(HOC3)C4(C1)2N][Cl]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(HOC2)2C4C2N]X X = [Br], [C2SO4]	Imposed no significant effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(HOC2)3C1N][C1SO4]	Imposed no effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(C8)3C1P][C1SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C14(C6)3P][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at 0.25-40% (v/v)	(Cornmell et al. 2008)
[C14(C6)3P][NTf2]	Biocompatible	(Cornmell et al. 2008; Gao et al. 2014)
[C14(C6)3P][Doc]	Imposed no effect on cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[C14(C8)3P][Doc]	Inhibited cell growth at 2% (v/v) in 24 h	(Wood et al. 2011)
[(C1)4C2Gua][(C2F5)3PF3]	Membrane integrity decreased dramatically after 5 h incubation in 20% (v/v)	(Bräutigam et al. 2007)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC <6.7 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC <2.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at >0.5% (v/v) and reduced glucose consumption at 2% (v/v); inhibited cell growth at 30-35 mM under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions	(Ouellet et al. 2011; Mehmood et al. 2015)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC <4.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC <4.2 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C1PO3]	Inhibited cell growth at >0.5% (v/v)	(Mehmood et al. 2015)
[C4MIM][PF6]	Biocompatible (20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 20 h, but imposed pronounced effect in 72 h); according to another study, inhibited growth significantly at low concentrations	(Lou et al. 2006; Pfruender et al. 2006; Sendovski et al. 2010; Song et al. 2011; Zampieri et al. 2013; Kandar et al. 2015; Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	Biocompatible (20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 20 h, but imposed some effect in 72 h); MNTC <2.5 mM	(Pfruender et al. 2006; Sendovski et al. 2010; Santos et al. 2014; Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C4MIM][BF4]	Moderately inhibited cell growth at 3% (v/v)	(Lou et al. 2006)
[CnMIM][PF6] (n = 6, 8)	Inhibited cell growth at 20% (v/v) in 72 h	(Sendovski et al. 2010)
[C8MIM][BF4]	Inhibited cell growth at 3% (v/v)	(Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C8MIM][NTf2]	Biocompatible	(Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C10MIM][PF6]	Completely inhibited cell growth at 20% (v/v) in 72 h	(Sendovski et al. 2010)
[BzMIM][BF4]	Completely inhibited cell growth at 20% (v/v) in 72 h	(Sendovski et al. 2010)
[C2Py][NTf2]	Inhibited cell growth at 3% (v/v)	(Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C3MPip][NTf2]	Imposed no effect on cell growth at 20% (v/v) in 72 h	(Sendovski et al. 2010)
[(C8)3C1N][NTf2]	Biocompatible (20% (v/v) did not impose significant effects in 20-72 h)	(Pfruender et al. 2006; Sendovski et al. 2010; Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 224 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 10 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 1.95 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C14(C6)3P][Cl]	Biocompatible	(Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C14(C6)3P]X X = [Br], [N(CN)2]	Inhibited cell growth at 3% (v/v)	(Pérez de los Ríos et al. 2017)
[C14(C6)3P][i-(C8)2PO4]	Completely inhibited cell growth at 20% (v/v) in 72 h	(Sendovski et al. 2010)
Clostridium sporogenes
[C4MIM][C2SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 2.0% (w/v)	(Dipeolu et al. 2009)
[C4MIM][BF4]	Inhibited cell growth at 0.25-2.0% (w/v)	(Dipeolu et al. 2009)
[(HOC2)(C1)2N][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 2.0% (w/v)	(Dipeolu et al. 2009)
[Chol][C2PO4]	Stimulated cell growth at 0.25-1.0% (w/v)	(Dipeolu et al. 2009)
AMMOENG™ 100	Inhibited cell growth at 0.1-2.0% (w/v)	(Dipeolu et al. 2009)
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii
[C4MIM]X X = [BF4], [C1SO4], [SCN], [Tos], [NO3]	48-h IC50 0.5-1.0% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
[C6MIM][BF4]	48-h IC50 0.05% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
[C6MIM]X X = [Tos], [NO3]	48-h IC50 0.5% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
[C8MIM][C1SO4]	48-h IC50 0.5-1.0% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
[C8MIM][SCN]	48-h IC50 0.1-0.5% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
[C8MIM][NO3]	48-h IC50 0.005% (w/v)	(Hajfarajollah et al. 2014)
Rhodococcus erythropolis
[C2MIM][Tos]	Imposed no significant effect at 50% (v/v)	(Hussain et al. 2007)
[C4MIM]X X = [BF4], [PF6]	Imposed no significant effect at 50% (v/v)	(Hussain et al. 2007)
[C4MIM]X X = [C8SO4], [MDEGSO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 50% (v/v)	(Hussain et al. 2007)
[(C8)3C1N][NTf2]	Imposed no significant effect at 50% (v/v)	(Hussain et al. 2007)
[CABHEM][C1SO4]	Inhibited cell growth at 50% (v/v)	(Hussain et al. 2007)
Candida parapsilosis
[CnMIM][NTf2] (n = 2, 4)	Biocompatible (IL system reduced toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one and the product (S)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-ol and of the substrate acetyltrimethylsilane and the product (R)-1-trimethylsilylethanol)	(Lou et al. 2009a; Zhang et al. 2012)
[CnMIM][PF6] (n = 4, 4(i), 5, 6)	Biocompatible (IL system reduced toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one and the product (S)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-ol and of the substrate acetyltrimethylsilane and the product (R)-1-trimethylsilylethanol)	(Lou et al. 2009a; Zhang et al. 2012)
X[NTf2] X = [C6MIM], [C4MPyr], [C4MPip], [C6(C4)3P]	Biocompatible (IL system reduced toxicity of the substrate acetyltrimethylsilane and the product (R)-1-trimethylsilylethanol)	(Zhang et al. 2012)
[C7MIM][PF6]	Biocompatible (IL system reduced toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one and the product (S)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-ol and of the substrate acetyltrimethylsilane)	(Lou et al. 2009a; Zhang et al. 2012)
Candida albicans
[C4MIM][PF6]	No formation of inhibition halo was observed with pure IL in 24 h	(Zampieri et al. 2013)
Rhodotorula sp.
[CnMIM][NTf2] (n = 2, 4)	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 20% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Wang et al. 2009)
[C2MIM][NO3]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
X[Cl] X = [HOC2MIM], [C4MIM]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
[HOC2MIM][PF6]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
[HOC2MIM][NO3]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Lou et al. 2009b)
[HOC2MIM][OTf]	Inhibited cell growth at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
X[NO3] X = [C4MIM], [C4C1MIM]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
[CnMIM][PF6] (n = 4, 5, 6, 7)	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 20% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Wang et al. 2009)
[CnMIM][Br] (n = 4, 5, 6, 7)	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 10% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009b)
Rhodotorula glutinis
[C4MIM][PF6]	No formation of inhibition halo was observed with pure IL n 24 h	(Zampieri et al. 2013)
Trigonopsis variabilis
[C2MIM][NO3]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[HOC2MIM][Cl]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[HOC2MIM][PF6]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[HOC2MIM][NO3]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; reduced substrate toxicity (4′-methoxyacetophenone)	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[HOC2MIM][OTf]	Inhibited cell growth at 5% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[C4MIM][Cl]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009c)
[CnMIM][Br] (n = 4, 5, 6, 7)	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009c)
X[NO3] X = [C4MIM], [C4C1MIM]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 5% (v/v) in 24 h	(Lou et al. 2009c)
Synechocystis sp.
X[NTf2] X = [C4MPyr], [C14(C6)3P]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 25% (w/v) in 24 h	(Lovejoy et al. 2012)
X[Cl]  X = [Chol], [(C4)4P]	Imposed no significant effect on cell viability at 25% (w/v) in 24 h	(Lovejoy et al. 2012)
[Chol][NTf2]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 25% (w/v) in 24 h	(Lovejoy et al. 2012)
[(HOC3)3C10P][Br]	Imposed some effect on cell viability at 25% (w/v) in 24 h	(Lovejoy et al. 2012)
Penicillium raistrickii
[C4MIM][PF6]	Inhibited glucose uptake at 20% in 10 h	(Mao et al. 2012)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	Imposed little inhibitory effect on glucose uptake at 20% in 10 h	(Mao et al. 2012)
[C6MIM]X X = [PF6], [NTf2]	Significantly inhibited glucose uptake at 20% in 10 h	(Mao et al. 2012)
Penicillium diversum
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip], [Chol]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [Chol]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MPyr][Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol][Cl]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol][NTf2]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium variabile
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2Py][Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MPyr][Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium restrictum
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2MIM][SCN]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MIM][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2Py]X X = [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4Py][Cl]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MPyr] X = [Cl], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MPip][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium corylophilum
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4MIM][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip][	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol][Lac]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium janczewskii
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2MIM][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr], [Chol]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip], [Chol]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr], [Chol]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol][NTf2]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium brevicompactum
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2MIM][OAc]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium adametzii
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium glandicola
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4],  [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C4Py][Cl]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium olsonii
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[C2MIM][SCN]	Inhibited cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Penicillium glabrum
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [C2SO4], [SCN], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Cl] X = [C4MIM], [C4Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[OAc] X = [C2Py], [C4MPip]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
X[Lac] X = [C2Py], [C4MPyr]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
[Chol]X X = [Cl], [NTf2], [OAc], [Lac]	Imposed no inhibitory effect on cell growth at 50 mM	(Petkovic et al. 2009)
Aspergillus ochraceus
[C3MIM][PF6]	Imposed little inhibitory effect on glucose consumption at 20% in 12 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate 16α,17-epoxyprogesterone	(Mao et al. 2013)
X[NTf2] X = [C3MIM], [C4MIM], [C6MIM], [AMIM]	Significantly inhibited glucose consumption at 20% in 10 h	(Mao et al. 2013)
[CnMIM][PF6] (n = 4, 6)	Significantly inhibited glucose consumption at 20% in 10 h	(Mao et al. 2013)
Aspergillus brasiliensis
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 426 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 160 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC >581 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC >540 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 150 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 448 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 74 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 196 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 8 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Lactobacillus kefir
[C4MIM][PF6]	20% (v/v) imposed no damage to the cell membrane in 5 h	(Pfruender et al. 2004)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	20% (v/v) imposed no damage to the cell membrane in 5 h and alleviated the harmful effect of the substrate 4-chloroacetophenone	(Pfruender et al. 2004)
[(C8)3C1N][NTf2]	20% (v/v) imposed no damage to the cell membrane in 5 h	(Pfruender et al. 2004)
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 53 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
X[NTf2] X = [C2MIM], [Chol]	MNTC <5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 72 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC 67.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC <4.7 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 112 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 24.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 8 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Bacillus subtilis
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 426 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC <5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 581 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC 270 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC <4.7 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 28 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 10 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 24.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC <3.75 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Bacillus coagulans
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [OAc]	Significantly inhibited cell growth at 236 mM	(Simmons et al. 2014)
Streptomyces drozdowikzii
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 27 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
X[NTf2] X = [C2MIM], [Chol]	MNTC <5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 36 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC 34 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC <4.7 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 112 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 24 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC <3.75 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 852.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 10 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 145 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC 135 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 300 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 448 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 74 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 98 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 15 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
[CnMIM][BF4] (n = 2, 4, 6, 8)	Inhibited cell growth at 5% (v/v) in 48 h	(Yang et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][PF6]	Inhibited cell growth at 5% (v/v) in 48 h	(Yang et al. 2014)
Yarrowia lipolytica
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC 235 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 10 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 145 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC 270 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 448 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 37 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 196 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 7.8 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Kluyveromyces marxianus
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC <6.7 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
X[NTf2] X = [CnMIM] (n = 2, 4), [Chol]	MNTC <2.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC <4.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC <4.2 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC 224 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 98 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC <3.75 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Rhizopus oryzae
[C2MIM][Cl]	MNTC >852.5 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][NTf2]	MNTC 20 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO3]	MNTC 290 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C2MIM][C2SO4]	MNTC >540 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[C4MIM][NTf2]	MNTC >300 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][Cl]	MNTC >896 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][NTf2]	MNTC 74 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[Chol][OAc]	MNTC 392 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
[(C4)3C1P][C1SO4]	MNTC 8 mM	(Santos et al. 2014)
Acetobacter sp.
X[Cl] X = [HOC2MIM], [CnMIM] (n = 2, 4)	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
[HOC2MIM][NO3]	Imposed no significant effect on metabolic activity at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
[HOC2MIM][OTf]	Inhibited cell growth at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
[CnMIM]X (n = 2, 4) X = [Br], [NO3]	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
[C4MIM][PF6]	Imposed no significant effect on metabolic activity in 12 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate ethyl acetoacetate	(Wang et al. 2013)
[CnMIM][NTf2] (n = 4, 6)	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity in 12 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate ethyl acetoacetate	(Wang et al. 2013)
[CnMIM][PF6] (n = 4(i), 5, 6, 7)	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity in 12 h; alleviated toxicity of the substrate ethyl acetoacetate	(Wang et al. 2013)
[C4C1MIM][NO3]	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
[CnMIM][Br] (n = 5, 6, 7)	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity at 5% (v/v) in 24 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xiao et al. 2012)
Acinetobacter sp.
[C2MIM]X X = [Cl], [BF4], [NO3]	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity in 22 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xu et al. 2016b)
[HOC2MIM]X X = [Cl], [OTf]	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity in 22 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xu et al. 2016b)
X[NO3] X = [HOC2MIM], [HOOC2MIM]	Imposed no significant effect on metabolic activity in 22 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xu et al. 2016b)
[C2C1MIM][NO3]	Imposed some effect on metabolic activity in 22 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xu et al. 2016b)
[CnMIM][Cl] (n = 4, 7)	Inhibited metabolic activity in 22 h; increased membrane permeability	(Xu et al. 2016b)
Geotrichum candidum
[C4MIM][PF6]	No formation of inhibition halo was observed with pure IL in 24 h	(Zampieri et al. 2013)
Micrococcus luteus
[C4MIM][PF6]	No formation of inhibition halo was observed with pure IL in 24 h	(Zampieri et al. 2013)
Aureobasidium pullulans
X[BF4] X = [C4MIM], [C8Py]	Inhibited metabolic activity in 4 h	(Zhang et al. 2008)
X[PF6] X = [C4MIM], [C4C1MIM]	Imposed no effect on metabolic activity in 4 h	(Zhang et al. 2008)
[C4MIM][OTf]	Inhibited metabolic activity in 4 h	(Zhang et al. 2008)