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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017 Dec 7;51:64–69. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.015

Fig 1. Three waves of different technologies have enabled continued improvement of recombinant protein production in CHO cells.

Fig 1

(a) Recombinant protein production has steadily improved over the past few decades thanks to innovations in bioprocessing, targeted genetic manipulation of cells, and systems biology approaches. Together, novel technologies, approaches and discoveries in each field have been of great importance. (b) A comprehensive survey of the CHO bioprocessing literature [60] highlights the historical development of the field in CHO cell research. The first wave-bioprocess development has been driving most of the earlier studies, while the targeted genetic manipulation, omics studies, and modeling efforts have become increasingly important after the mid-2000s with the increased prevalence of genomic resources, genome editing technologies, and development of novel computational models and algorithms.