Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Total | Non-smoker | Past smoker | Current smoker | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%*) | 820,710 (100) | 510,750 (60.6) | 119,062 (13.8) | 190,898 (25.6) |
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 44.9 (16.4) | 44.3 (16.9) | 52.5 (14.8) | 42.3 (14.7) |
| Sex, n (%*) | ||||
| Male | 383,389 (50.2) | 95,591 (22.2) | 111,356 (93.1) | 176,442 (93.3) |
| Female | 437,321 (49.8) | 415,159 (77.8) | 7,706 (6.9) | 14,456 (6.7) |
| Region, n (%*) | ||||
| Urban | 252,848 (47.3) | 159,596 (47.8) | 35,016 (47.4) | 58,236 (46.1) |
| Rural | 567,862 (52.7) | 351,154 (52.2) | 84,046 (52.6) | 132,662 (53.9) |
| Household, n, mean (SD) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) |
| House type, n (%*) | ||||
| A detached house | 358,169 (26.7) | 220,808 (26.3) | 57,065 (28.3) | 80,296 (26.9) |
| Condominium | 308,876 (49.9) | 197,496 (51.4) | 42,665 (50.9) | 68,715 (45.8) |
| Others | 153,665 (23.4) | 92,446 (22.3) | 19,332 (20.8) | 41,887 (27.3) |
| Income, n (%*) | ||||
| Lowest | 174,688 (13.6) | 110,405 (13.8) | 29,067 (15.0) | 35,216 (12.2) |
| Low-middle | 222,917 (25.3) | 137,594 (25.2) | 31,531 (24.4) | 53,792 (26.1) |
| Upper-middle | 215,386 (29.4) | 132,783 (29.1) | 28,672 (27.8) | 53,931 (31.1) |
| Highest | 207,719 (31.7) | 129,968 (31.9) | 29,792 (32.7) | 47,959 (30.6) |
| Education, n (%*) | ||||
| Low | 297,969 (23.0) | 200,060 (25.2) | 47,296 (25.9) | 50,613 (16.4) |
| Middle | 249,711 (31.7) | 140,946 (29.1) | 37,046 (33.1) | 71,719 (37.3) |
| High | 273,030 (45.2) | 169,744 (45.7) | 34,720 (41.0) | 68,566 (46.4) |
| Physical activity, n (%*) | ||||
| Low (0 min/week) | 466338 (56.2) | 306,734 (59.8) | 60,543 (48.7) | 99,061 (52.0) |
| Middle (1–149 min/week) | 58328 (8.4) | 37,773 (8.8) | 7,821 (7.9) | 12,734 (7.7) |
| High (≥150 min/week) | 296044 (35.4) | 166,243 (31.5) | 50,698 (43.4) | 79,103 (40.3) |
| Obesity, n (%*) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 46,170 (5.7) | 34,519 (7.3) | 4,209 (2.6) | 7,442 (3.3) |
| Healthy(≥18.5, <25.0 kg/m2) | 582,531 (71.1) | 370,387 (73.3) | 79,677 (66.2) | 132,467 (68.3) |
| Overweight (≥25, < 30.0 kg/m2) | 175,244 (21.1) | 96,161 (17.4) | 32,884 (29.2) | 46,199 (25.6) |
| Obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) | 16,765 (2.1) | 9,683 (1.9) | 2,292 (2.1) | 4,790 (2.8) |
| Sleep time, n (%*) | ||||
| ≤5 hour/day | 123,462 (14.7) | 77,726 (14.7) | 18,072 (14.7) | 27,664 (14.6) |
| 6 hour/day | 232,958 (30.4) | 141,564 (29.3) | 34,335 (32.0) | 57,059 (32.2) |
| 7 hour/day | 263,598 (32.7) | 165,096 (32.9) | 37,069 (32.3) | 61,433 (32.3) |
| 8 hour/day | 165,589 (18.5) | 104,722 (19.2) | 23,948 (17.5) | 36,919 (17.3) |
| ≥9 hour/day | 35,103 (3.8) | 21,642 (3.9) | 5,638 (3.5) | 7,823 (3.6) |
| Stress level, n (%*) | ||||
| No | 169,742 (16.9) | 105,138 (17.4) | 31,355 (21.0) | 33,149 (13.6) |
| Some | 436,459 (54.9) | 279,057 (56.7) | 61,329 (54.1) | 96,073 (51.3) |
| Moderate | 187,866 (24.6) | 111,769 (22.9) | 23,259 (21.9) | 52,838 (30.0) |
| Severe | 26,643 (3.5) | 14,786 (3.0) | 3,019 (2.9) | 8,838 (5.1) |
| Alcohol, n (%*) | ||||
| ≤1 time a month | 391,757 (41.6) | 305,765 (53.8) | 42,307 (29.5) | 43,685 (19.2) |
| 2–4 times a month | 253,714 (36.2) | 156,174 (36.1) | 34,604 (34.8) | 62,936 (37.0) |
| ≥2 times a week | 175,239 (22.3) | 48,811 (10.1) | 42,151 (35.7) | 84,277 (43.8) |
| Passive smoking at home, n (%*) | ||||
| 0 hour/day | 733,031 (88.9) | 451,960 (88.1) | 115,041 (96.3) | 166,030 (86.8) |
| <1 hour/day | 74,147 (9.5) | 50,359 (10.3) | 3,538 (3.3) | 20,250 (10.8) |
| ≥1 hour/day | 13,532 (1.6) | 8,431 (1.5) | 483 (0.4) | 4,618 (2.4) |
| Passive smoking at workplace, n (%*) | ||||
| 0 hour/day | 663,138 (78.1) | 443,672 (85.6) | 94,799 (74.6) | 124,667 (62.2) |
| <1 hour/day | 118,514 (16.3) | 53,155 (11.5) | 19,255 (19.9) | 46,104 (25.9) |
| ≥1 hour/day | 39,058 (5.6) | 13,923 (3.0) | 5,008 (5.5) | 20,127 (11.9) |
| Cigarette, mean (SD) | 16.7 (11.2) | 15.3 (8.8) | ||
| Total smoking time, year, mean (SD) | 18.6 (13.7) | 21.9 (14.0) | ||
| Total pack-year, mean (SD) | 17.8 (20.8) | 17.7 (17.7) | ||
| Period of quitting smoking, year, mean (SD) | 13.3 (11.6) | |||
| Starting age of smoking, year, mean (SD) | 20.5 (5.1) | 20.4 (5.7) | ||
| Wheezing within 1 year, n (%*) | ||||
| Yes | 23,487 (2.4) | 12,336 (2.0) | 4,435 (2.8) | 6,716 (3.0) |
| No | 797,223 (97.6) | 498,414 (98.0) | 114,627 (97.2) | 184,182 (97.0) |
| Exercise wheezing within 1 year, n (%*) | ||||
| Yes | 24,291 (2.5) | 13,162 (2.2) | 4,660 (3.0) | 6,469 (2.9) |
| No | 796,419 (97.5) | 497,588 (97.8) | 114,402 (97.0) | 184,429 (97.1) |
| Asthma ever, n (%*) | ||||
| Yes | 20,331 (2.1) | 11,820 (2.1) | 4,302 (2.8) | 4,209 (1.9) |
| No | 800,379 (97.9) | 498,930 (97.9) | 114,760 (97.2) | 186,689 (98.1) |
| Current asthma, n (%*) | ||||
| Yes | 8,897 (0.7) | 4,709 (0.7) | 2,378 (1.3) | 1,810 (0.6) |
| No | 811,813 (99.3) | 506,041 (99.3) | 116,684 (98.7) | 189,088 (99.4) |
| Asthma aggravation within 1 year, n (%*) | ||||
| Yes | 2,161 (22.7) | 1,094 (22.1) | 580 (23.0) | 487 (24.2) |
| No | 6,736 (77.3) | 3,615 (77.9) | 1,798 (77.0) | 1,323 (75.8) |
*Estimated prevalence adjusted recommended weighted value.