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. 2018 Jun 5;8:8620. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26441-1

Table 2.

Results of multivariable adjusted linear regression models of the association between AHEI z-score and the 42 selected metabolites in the Whitehall II study and in Young Finns Study.

Multivariable-adjusted Model*
Whitehall II (N = 4699) Young Finns Study (N = 1625)
Beta 95% CI p Beta 95% CI p
Amino Acids
Isoleucine −0.044 −0.072 to −0.017 0.002   0.011 −0.034 to 0.056 0.64
Leucine −0.061 −0.088 to −0.034 1*10−5   0.010 −0.035 to 0.055 0.65
Phenylalanine −0.074 −0.104 to −0.044 1*10−6 −0.038 −0.090 to 0.014 0.15
Glycolysis related metabolites
Glycerol −0.044 −0.074 to −0.014 0.004 −0.009 −0.060 to 0.042 0.73
Inflammation
Glycoprotein acetyls −0.035 −0.064 to −0.006 0.02 −0.012 −0.063 to 0.039 0.64
Size of lipoprotein particles (Mean diameters)
VLDL particle size −0.048 −0.076 to −0.019 0.0009 −0.003 −0.051 to 0.046 0.91
HDL particle size   0.033   0.006 to 0.061 0.02 −0.005 −0.051 to 0.040 0.82
Total lipid concentrations in lipoprotein subclasses
Total lipids in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL −0.073 −0.102 to −0.044 8*10−7 −0.033 −0.082 to 0.016 0.19
Total lipids in very large VLDL −0.061 −0.089 to −0.032 4*10−5 −0.022 −0.070 to 0.027 0.38
Total lipids in large VLDL −0.049 −0.078 to −0.021 0.0007 −0.006 −0.054 to 0.042 0.81
Total lipids in medium VLDL −0.036 −0.067 to −0.008 0.01   0.001 −0.048 to 0.048 0.99
Total lipids in small VLDL −0.019 −0.048 to 0.010 0.21   0.017 −0.031 to 0.065 0.49
Total lipids in IDL −0.039 −0.069 to −0.010 0.01 −0.032 −0.084 to 0.021 0.24
Total lipids in large LDL −0.045 −0.075 to −0.015 0.003 −0.032 −0.084 to 0.021 0.24
Total lipids in medium LDL −0.044 −0.074 to −0.014 0.004 −0.028 −0.080 to 0.024 0.29
Total lipids in small LDL −0.039 −0.069 to −0.009 0.01 −0.028 −0.080 to 0.023 0.28
Total lipids in small HDL −0.054 −0.083 to −0.024 0.0003   0.001 −0.052 to 0.054 0.96
Cholesterol
Cholesterol in VLDL −0.036 −0.065 to −0.006 0.02 −0.006 −0.055 to 0.043 0.81
Remnant cholesterol (non−HDL, non−LDL −cholesterol) −0.041 −0.071 to −0.011 0.007 −0.021 −0.072 to 0.029 0.41
Free cholesterol −0.055 −0.084 to −0.026 0.0002 −0.035 −0.089 to 0.018 0.19
Glycerides and other Phospholipids
Serum total TG −0.034 −0.063 to −0.005 0.02 −0.002 −0.050 to 0.047 0.95
TG in VLDL −0.031 −0.061 to −0.003 0.04   0.001 −0.046 to 0.049 0.95
TG in LDL −0.031 −0.060 to −0.002 0.04 −0.012 −0.064 to 0.041 0.66
TG in HDL −0.060 −0.090 to −0.031 5*10−5 −0.017 −0.070 to 0.036 0.53
Sphingomyelins −0.081 −0.110 to −0.053 2*10−8 −0.022 −0.074 to 0.031 0.42
Fatty Acids (FA)
Saturated FA −0.056 −0.086 to −0.027 0.0002 −0.029 −0.080 to 0.022 0.27
Monounsaturated FA −0.069 −0.098 to −0.040 2*10−6 −0.022 −0.072 to 0.028 0.39
Polyunsaturated FA   0.076 0.047 to 0.106 4*10−7   0.028 −0.025 to 0.080 0.30
Omega-3 FA   0.140 0.111 to 0.169 1*10−20   0.097   0.045 to 0.149 0.0003
docosahexaenoic acid   0.176 0.147 to 0.205 1*10−32   0.096   0.044 to 0.149 0.0003
Omega-6 FA   0.054 0.024 to 0.083 0.0004   0.009 −0.043 to 0.062 0.72
linoleic acid   0.076 0.046 to 0.105 6*10−7   0.004 −0.049 to 0.056 0.89
Conjugated linoleic acid −0.198 −0.227 to −0.169 2*10−40   NA NA
Fatty acids ratios, relative to total fatty acids
Estimated degree of unsaturation   0.210 0.183 to 0.238 1*10−48   0.116   0.066 to 0.166 5*10−6
Ratio of saturated FA to total FA (%) −0.164 −0.194 to −0.134 4*10−27 −0.089 −0.141 to −0.037 0.0008
Ratio of monounsaturated FA to total FA (%) −0.124 −0.152 to −0.095 2*10−17 −0.034 −0.082 to 0.015 0.17
Ratio of polyunsaturated FA to total FA (%)   0.194 0.162 to 0.219 2*10−41   0.082   0.033 to 0.131 0.0011
Ratio of omega-3 FA to total FA (%)   0.190   0.162 to 0.219 1*10−37   0.142   0.091 to 0.193 5*10−8
Ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to total FA (%)   0.220   0.192 to 0.249 9*10−52   0.139   0.090 to 0.189 4*10−8
Ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (%)   0.137   0.109 to 0.166 6*10−21   0.044 −0.006 to 0.094 0.08
Ratio of linoleic acid to total FA (%)   0.145   0.116 to 0.174 1*10−22   0.029 −0.022 to 0.080 0.26
Ratio of conjugated linoleic acid to total FA (%) −0.226 −0.255 to −0.197 7*10−52   NA   NA /

*Multivariable adjusted model: adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, ethnicity, smoking habits, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs and use of lipid-lowering drugs. Results were expressed as linear regression coefficients accompanied with their 95% confidence interval. Analyses were carried out on participants for which all metabolites measurement were available.