Table 3.
Association between baseline metabolites and incident cardiovascular disease over 15.8 years of follow-up in the Whitehall II study.
| Association with CVD risk (total N = 5481; N incident cases = 697) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio* | 95% CI | p | |
| Amino Acids | |||
| Isoleucine | 1.14 | 1.06 to 1.24 | 0.001 |
| Leucine | 1.13 | 1.04 to 1.22 | 0.003 |
| Phenylalanine | 1.14 | 1.07 to 1.23 | 0.000 |
| Glycolysis related metabolites | |||
| Glycerol | 1.06 | 0.98 to 1.14 | 0.14 |
| Inflammation | |||
| Glycoprotein acetyls | 1.20 | 1.11 to 1.30 | 3*10−6 |
| Size of lipoprotein particles (Mean diameters) | |||
| VLDL particle size | 1.12 | 1.03 to 1.21 | 0.007 |
| HDL particle size | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.94 | 0.0006 |
| Total lipid concentrations in lipoprotein subclasses | |||
| Total lipids in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.18 | 0.02 |
| Total lipids in very large VLDL | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.17 | 0.03 |
| Total lipids in large VLDL | 1.12 | 1.03 to 1.21 | 0.005 |
| Total lipids in medium VLDL | 1.12 | 1.04 to 1.21 | 0.004 |
| Total lipids in IDL | 1.07 | 0.99 to 1.16 | 0.003 |
| Total lipids in large LDL | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.18 | 0.01 |
| Total lipids in medium LDL | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.18 | 0.08 |
| Total lipids in small LDL | 1.08 | 1.00 to 1.17 | 0.03 |
| Total lipids in small HDL | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.05 | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol | |||
| Cholesterol in VLDL | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.18 | 0.03 |
| Remnant cholesterol (non-HDL, non-LDL -cholesterol) | 1.07 | 0.99 to 1.16 | 0.07 |
| Free cholesterol | 1.04 | 0.96 to 1.12 | 0.36 |
| Glycerides and other Phospholipids | |||
| Serum total TG | 1.15 | 1.07 to 1.24 | 0.0002 |
| TG in VLDL | 1.14 | 1.05 to 1.23 | 0.0013 |
| TG in LDL | 1.19 | 1.11 to 1.28 | 3*10−6 |
| TG in HDL | 1.13 | 1.04 to 1.22 | 0.0021 |
| Sphingomyelins | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.06 | 0.56 |
| Fatty Acids (FA) | |||
| Saturated FA | 1.09 | 1.01 to 1.18 | 0.02 |
| Monounsaturated FA | 1.12 | 1.04 to 1.21 | 0.004 |
| Polyunsaturated FA | 1.05 | 0.97 to 1.13 | 0.26 |
| Omega-3 FA | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.05 | 0.43 |
| docosahexaenoic acid | 0.96 | 0.89 to 1.04 | 0.33 |
| Omega-6 FA | 1.06 | 0.98 to 1.14 | 0.14 |
| linoleic acid | 1.06 | 0.98 to 1.14 | 0.14 |
| Conjugated linoleic acid | 1.05 | 0.97 to 1.13 | 0.23 |
| Fatty acids ratios, relative to total fatty acids | |||
| Estimated degree of unsaturation | 0.90 | 0.83 to 0.97 | 0.009 |
| Ratio of saturated FA to total FA (%) | 1.01 | 0.93 to 1.08 | 0.90 |
| Ratio of monounsaturated FA to total FA (%) | 1.11 | 1.03 to 1.21 | 0.007 |
| Ratio of polyunsaturated FA to total FA (%) | 0.90 | 0.84 to 0.97 | 0.009 |
| Ratio of omega-3 FA to total FA (%) | 0.90 | 0.83 to 0.97 | 0.008 |
| Ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to total FA (%) | 0.90 | 0.83 to 0.97 | 0.009 |
| Ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (%) | 0.93 | 0.87 to 1.01 | 0.083 |
| Ratio of linoleic acid to total FA (%) | 0.96 | 0.89 to 1.04 | 0.28 |
| Ratio of conjugated linoleic acid to total FA (%) | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.11 | 0.53 |
*Cox regression models were performed to estimate association between each metabolites and risk of CVD onset over the 16-y of follow-up. Models were adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, ethnicity, smoking habits, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs and use of lipid-lowering drugs.